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All questions of Body fluids and Circulation for EmSAT Achieve Exam

Which of the following engulfs pathogens rapidly?
  • a)
    Basophils
  • b)
    Acidophils
  • c)
    Monocytes
  • d)
    Neutrophils
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Vijay Bansal answered
Neutrophils are the type of WBCs which can engulf the pathogen rapidly. Neutrophils are more in number i.e. upto 60% of Total Leukocyte Count. They immediately engulf bacteria and viruses to destroy them by phagocytosis.
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 Which of the following is a non-granulocyte?
  • a)
    Neutrophils
  • b)
    Monocytes
  • c)
    Basophils
  • d)
    Eosinophils
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjana Chakraborty answered
Non-Granulocytes in Blood

Blood cells are divided into two groups: granulocytes and agranulocytes. Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes, on the other hand, lack granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes.

Non-Granulocyte

A non-granulocyte is simply an agranulocyte or a leukocyte that lacks granules in its cytoplasm. Monocytes are non-granulocytes and belong to the agranulocyte group of leukocytes.

Monocytes

Monocytes are the largest leukocytes in the blood, accounting for 2-8% of all leukocytes. They have a large kidney-shaped nucleus and are characterized by their ability to differentiate into macrophages, which are cells that engulf and digest foreign particles, dead cells, and cellular debris in the body.

Functions of Monocytes

Monocytes have several functions in the body, including:

1. Phagocytosis: Monocytes, when differentiated into macrophages, are capable of phagocytosis, which is the process of engulfing and digesting foreign particles, dead cells, and cellular debris in the body.

2. Antigen presentation: Monocytes play a crucial role in the immune response by presenting antigens to T cells, which are responsible for activating the immune response.

3. Cytokine production: Monocytes produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that regulate the immune response.

Conclusion

In conclusion, monocytes are non-granulocytes and belong to the agranulocyte group of leukocytes. They are characterized by their ability to differentiate into macrophages, which are cells that engulf and digest foreign particles, dead cells, and cellular debris in the body. Monocytes also play a crucial role in the immune response by presenting antigens to T cells and producing cytokines.

Blood circulation take following course in heart of man :-
  • a)
    Left auricle - left ventricle - body - right auricle -right ventricle
  • b)
    Right auricle - left ventricle
  • c)
    Left auricle - left ventricle - lungs-right auricle -right ventricle
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Ananya Das answered
The blood pumped by the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery, whereas the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta. The deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is passed onto the lungs from where the oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. This pathway constitutes the pulmonary circulation. The oxygenated blood entering the aorta is carried by a network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries to the tissues from where the deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava and emptied into the right atrium. This is the systemic circulation. The systemic circulation provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and takes CO2 and other harmful substances away for elimination.
So, the correct answer is option A.

The blood during diastole :-
  • a)
    Leaves the heart
  • b)
    Enters the heart
  • c)
    Enters lungs
  • d)
    Leaves the ventricles
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajeev Saxena answered
Diastole This should really be called “ventricular diastole”, but don't worry about this for GCSE. During diastole the thick muscular walls of the ventricles relax. Again, this happens to both sides of the heart. The pressure of the blood in the ventricles falls low enough for the bicuspid valve to open.

The specialised patch of modified heart muscles from where contraction initiates, is/are :
  • a)
    Pacesetter of heart
  • b)
    both SAN and AVN together
  • c)
    Pacemaker of heart
  • d)
    none of these
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Gaurav Kumar answered
  • The nodal musculature has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli.
  • The number of action potentials that could be generated in a minute varies at different parts of the nodal system.
  • The SAN can generate the maximum number of action potentials and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart.
  • Therefore, it is called the pacemaker.

Which one of the following is correct?
  • a)
    Plasma = Blood − Lymphocytes
  • b)
    Neuron = Cyton + Dendron + Axon + Synapse
  • c)
    Lymph = Plasma + WBCs + RBCs
  • d)
    Blood = Plasma + RBCs + WBCs + Platelets
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajat Kapoor answered
It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions, including: transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.

 In human beings, the duration of the cardiac cycle is
  • a)
    8.0 second
  • b)
    0.5 second
  • c)
    0.8 second
  • d)
    0.08 second
Correct answer is 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohan Singh answered
Cardiac cycle a complex process which involves a sequence of activities and that too within 0.8 sec. The cardiac cycle consists of a systole and a diastole. The cardiac cycle begins with a joint diastole (relaxation of all four chambers of the heart).

The maximum surface area of the circulatory system is seen in
  • a)
    Heart
  • b)
    Capillaries
  • c)
    Arterioles
  • d)
    Veins
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Raghav Bansal answered
An adult human has been estimated to have some 60,000 miles (96,560 km) of capillaries with a total surface area of some 8001000 m2. The total volume of this system is roughly 5 liters, the same as the total volume of blood.

 Antigens are present
  • a)
    Inside the cytoplasm
  • b)
    Inside the nucleus
  • c)
    On the nuclear membrane
  • d)
    On the cell surface
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ayush Joshi answered
Cell markers, also known as cell surface antigens, serve as monograms to help identify and classify cells. The majority of them are molecules or antigens within cell's plasma membrane. Unique to different cell types, there exist specific combinations of markers or antigens.

Blood enters the heart because muscles of the
  • a)
    Ventricles contract
  • b)
    Ventricles relax
  • c)
    Atria contract
  • d)
    Atria relax
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Geetika Shah answered
Atrial diastole is characterized by the relaxation of the atrial muscles. During this stage, the blood enters into the atria, as the volume of the blood in the atria increases the pressure within it decreases.
So, the correct answer is option D.

In the systemic circulation, blood vessel that carries blood from the intestine to liver is named :
  • a)
    Hepatic portal arch
  • b)
    none of these
  • c)
    Hepatic portal artery
  • d)
    Hepatic portal vein
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Naina Bansal answered
Lienal vein is an old term for splenic vein. The portal vein or hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver. This blood contains nutrients and toxins extracted from digested contents.

The course of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called
  • a)
    Systemic circulation
  • b)
    Double circulation
  • c)
    Pulmonary circulation
  • d)
    Single circulation
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Vipe Saga answered
The blood circulation from heart to lungs and back to heart is pulmonary circulation and the circulation between heart to tissue and back to heart is systematic circulation and both are included in double circulation.

What would be the cardiac output of a person having 72 heart beats per minute and a stroke volume of 50 ml?
  • a)
    360 ml
  • b)
    7200 ml
  • c)
    5000 ml
  • d)
    3600 ml
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajat Kapoor answered
 (d) Cardiac Output (i) The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is called the cardiac output. It is 500 mL or 5 liters in a healthy individual. It is determined by multiplying the heart rate with the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during each beat, which is called as stroke volume. Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume = 72 beats/min x 0.08 litre/beat = 5.5 litre/min (iii) Cardiac index is the minute volume per sq. m. of body surface area. Its normal value is 3.3 lit/min/sq.m. 

Heart of Man is :-
  • a)
    Myogenic
  • b)
    Neurogenic
  • c)
    Cardiogenic
  • d)
    Digenic
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rocky Handsome answered
The muscles of the human heart are stimulated to contract by nerve impulses generated by the Sino Atrial(SA) node. It is a cluster of cells which are part of the heart muscle.

•Hence the human heart is myogenic.

Rate of heart beat is under the control of :-
  • a)
    Autonomic nervous system
  • b)
    Vagus nerve
  • c)
    Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

M. Vishnu answered
Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic(involuntary) nervous system. Thesympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones (catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate the heart rate.

Coronary heart disease is due to
  • a)
    Insufficient blood supply to the heart muscles
  • b)
    Weakening of the heart valves
  • c)
    Inflammation of pericardium
  • d)
    Streptococci bacteria
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohit Shah answered
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis. The buildup of plaque occurs over many years.

Another term for heart attack is
  • a)
    Coronary thrombosis
  • b)
    Myocardial infarction
  • c)
    Cardiac arrest
  • d)
    Ischaemia
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Jyoti Kapoor answered
Other terms used for a heart attack include myocardial infarction, cardiac infarction, and coronary thrombosis. An infarction is when the blood supply to an area is cut off, and the tissue in that area dies.

Blood pressure is expressed as the ratio of systolic over diastolic pressure. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure. What will be its value for a normal healthy adult?
  • a)
    40 mm Hg
  • b)
    30 mm Hg
  • c)
    70 mm Hg
  • d)
    50 mm Hg
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Tejas Chavan answered
Blood pressure is represented as the ratio of systolic over diastolic pressure. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure. The value of normal healthy pulse pressure is 40 mm Hg.

Blood plasma proteins :
i. decrease in their level causes excessive absorption of water from tissues into blood.
ii. they maintain osmotic pressure.
  • a)
    both are correct.
  • b)
    both are wrong
  • c)
    Statement i) is wrong and ii) is correct.
  • d)
    Statement i) is correct and ii) is wrong
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ishaan Menon answered
Let's analyze the statements about blood plasma proteins:
Statement i: "Decrease in their level causes excessive absorption of water from tissues into blood."
  • This statement is incorrect. A decrease in the level of blood plasma proteins would actually result in a decrease in osmotic pressure, leading to less water being drawn from tissues into the blood. Instead, it would cause water to accumulate in the tissues, leading to edema.
Statement ii: "They maintain osmotic pressure."
  • This statement is correct. Blood plasma proteins, especially albumin, play a crucial role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood.
Therefore, the correct option is:
      3. Statement i) is wrong and ii) is correct.

The mass of tissue seen in the left corner of the right atrium close to the atri-ventricular septum is
  • a)
    Purkinje fibres
  • b)
    Bundle of His
  • c)
    AVN
  • d)
    SAN
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Krish Chakraborty answered
The mass of tissue seen in the lower left corner of the right atrium close to the atrio-ventricular septum called the atrio-ventricular node (AVN).

In the human heart : 
i. The valve between right atrium and right ventricle is tricuspid while valve between left atrium and left ventricle is mitral valve.
ii. Openings of the right and the left ventricles into the pulmonary artery and the aorta are guarded by semilunar valves.
iii. ‘Lub’ the first sound which is low pitched is caused by the closure of semilunar valves while ‘Dub’ the second sound which is high pitched is caused by the closure of bicuspid and tricuspid valves.
  • a)
    only ii) and iii) are correct
  • b)
    only i) and ii) are correct
  • c)
    only iii) is correct
  • d)
    only ii) is correct
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajeev Sharma answered
The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves whereas the second heart sound (dub) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves.

Which structure separates the right and left atria of the heart?
  • a)
    Interventricular septum
  • b)
    Interatrial septum
  • c)
    Atrio-ventricular septum
  • d)
    Pericardium
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Ambition Institute answered
The right and left atria of the heart are separated by a thin, muscular wall called the interatrial septum. This partition ensures that blood from the systemic and pulmonary circulations does not mix within the heart, allowing for efficient oxygenation and circulation of blood throughout the body.

Assertion (A): Coronary artery disease is primarily caused by a buildup of calcium, fat, cholesterol, and fibrous tissues in the arteries.
Reason (R): This accumulation leads to the narrowing of the arterial lumen, which reduces blood flow to the heart muscle.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • c)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Bs Academy answered
 
  • Assertion Analysis: The assertion is true as coronary artery disease (CAD) is indeed caused by the buildup of substances such as calcium, fat, and cholesterol in the arterial walls.
  • Reason Analysis: The reason is also true because the described accumulation does lead to the narrowing of the arteries, which is a key characteristic of CAD.
  • Explanation Relation: The reason directly explains the assertion as it describes the process through which CAD occurs. Thus, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason accurately explains the assertion.
 
Topic in NCERT: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Line in NCERT: "Coronary Artery Disease, often referred to as atherosclerosis, affects the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle. It is caused by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues, which makes the lumen of arteries narrower."

In ECG, P-R interval corresponds to
  • a)
    time delay in A-V node
  • b)
    S-A nodal conduction time
  • c)
    increased ventricular contraction
  • d)
    time interval between onset of ventricular contraction
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Vivek Patel answered
  • Each peak in the ECG is identified with a letter from P to T that corresponds to a specific electrical activity of the heart.
  • The P- wave represents the electrical excitation or depolarization of the atria.
  • The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles which initiates the ventricular contraction.
  • The contraction starts shortly after Q and marks the beginning of the systole.
  • The T- wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited to a normal state or repolarization.
  • The end of the T-wave marks the end of systole.
So, the correct option is 'Time delay in A-V node'.

The problem of electrical discontinuity caused in the normal heart by the connective tissue separating the atria from the ventricles is solved by?
  • a)
    Having the A-V node function as a secondary pacemaker 
  • b)
    Coordinating electrical activity in the atria with electrical activity in the ventricles by connecting them via the bundle of His
  • c)
    Having an ectopic pacemaker
  • d)
    Coordinating electrical activity in the atria with electrical activity in the ventricles by connecting them via the vagus nerve
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sanaya Mishra answered
Solution:

The connective tissue separating the atria from the ventricles is called the atrioventricular (AV) node. This node acts as an electrical insulator and prevents electrical signals from directly passing between the atria and ventricles. This separation is necessary for the normal functioning of the heart, as it allows the atria to contract first, pumping blood into the ventricles before they contract and pump blood out of the heart.

To overcome this electrical discontinuity, the heart has a specialized conducting system that connects the atria and ventricles and coordinates their electrical activity. This system starts with the sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium, which acts as the primary pacemaker of the heart. The electrical signals generated by the SA node spread through the atria, causing them to contract.

The electrical signals then pass through the AV node, which slows down the conduction of the signal, allowing the ventricles time to fill with blood. After a brief delay, the electrical signals pass through the bundle of His, a specialized bundle of fibers that divides into the left and right bundle branches, which then spread through the ventricles and cause them to contract.

Coordinating electrical activity in the atria with electrical activity in the ventricles by connecting them via the bundle of His:

The bundle of His is a specialized group of cells that conducts electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. It is an essential part of the heart's electrical conduction system and helps coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles. The bundle of His is located in the interventricular septum and divides into the left and right bundle branches, which then spread through the ventricles and cause them to contract. By connecting the electrical activity in the atria with the electrical activity in the ventricles via the bundle of His, the electrical discontinuity caused by the connective tissue separating the atria from the ventricles is solved.

The heart sound "DUP" is Produced when :-
  • a)
    Mitral valve opens
  • b)
    Mitral valve closes
  • c)
    Semilunar valve at the base of aorta closes  
  • d)
    Tricuspid valve opens
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Pankaj Singh answered
The heart sound ‘’DUP’’ is produced when a semilunar valve at the base of aorta classes.
Two distinct sounds can be heard during a heart beat with the help of a stethoscope. These are 'lubb' and 'dup'.Lubb is the first sound which has a low pitch and produced by the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves (collectively called atrioventricular valves) at the beginning of ventricular systole.
Dup is the second sound which is sharp and has a high pitch. It is produced by closure of semilunar valves by the end of ventricular systole.

Which of the following match is correct? 
  • a)
    a
  • b)
    b
  • c)
    c
  • d)
    d
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Harshprit.chelani answered
Step 1: Analyze the given options and identify the cell types
The image displays diagrams of different white blood cells (leukocytes) along with their typical percentages in the blood and their primary functions. We need to identify the correct match among the given options.
(a) Eosinophil: The image shows a cell with a bilobed nucleus and prominent granules. This morphology is characteristic of an eosinophil.
(b) Basophil: The image shows a cell with a lobed nucleus often obscured by large, dark-staining granules. This is characteristic of a basophil.
(c) Neutrophil: The image shows a cell with a multi-lobed nucleus. This is characteristic of a neutrophil.
(d) Monocyte: The image shows a large cell with a kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus. This is characteristic of a monocyte.
Step 2: Evaluate the percentage and function for each cell type
(a) Eosinophil: Eosinophils typically constitute 2-4% of total white blood cells and are primarily involved in defense against parasites and allergic reactions, not phagocytosis as their main function.
(b) Basophil: Basophils are the least numerous white blood cells, making up 0.5-1.0% of the total. They contain granules that release histamine and serotonin during allergic and inflammatory responses.
(c) Neutrophil: Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells, making up 60-70% of the total. Their primary function is phagocytosis of bacteria and other pathogens.
(d) Monocyte: Monocytes constitute 3-8% of total white blood cells and differentiate into macrophages, which are highly phagocytic and involved in antigen presentation and removal of cellular debris, not primarily allergic reactions.
Step 3: Determine the correct match
Based on the analysis in Step 2, option (b) correctly matches the basophil's structure, percentage (0.5-1.0%), and function (secreting histamine and serotonin).
Answer:
The correct match is (b) because basophils, which make up 0.5-1.0% of white blood cells, are responsible for secreting histamine and serotonin, key mediators in allergic and inflammatory responses.

What is the primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD)?
  • a)
    Excessive contraction of the heart muscle
  • b)
    Infections in the heart muscle
  • c)
    Deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol, and fibrous tissues in the arteries
  • d)
    Overproduction of adrenal medullary hormones affecting the heart
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ciel Knowledge answered
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is primarily caused by the buildup of deposits such as calcium, fat, cholesterol, and fibrous tissues within the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. This buildup leads to the narrowing of the arterial lumen, which can restrict blood flow and increase the risk of heart attack and other cardiac complications. This process is often referred to as atherosclerosis and is the leading cause of CAD.

In which of the following situations, there is a risk factorfor children acquiring erythroblastosis foetalis?
  • a)
    Mother is Rh -ve and father is Rh -ve
  • b)
    Mother is Rh -ve and father is Rh +ve
  • c)
    Mother is Rh +ve and father is Rh +ve
  • d)
    Mother is Rh +ve and father is Rh -ve
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sagar Chaudhary answered
Explanation:

Risk factor for children acquiring erythroblastosis foetalis:
- Mother is Rh -ve and father is Rh +ve
Erythroblastosis foetalis, also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn, occurs when the mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive. In this situation, there is a risk factor for children acquiring the condition because if the baby inherits the Rh-positive factor from the father, it can lead to incompatibility between the mother and baby's blood types.
- When an Rh-negative mother is carrying an Rh-positive baby, there is a chance that the mother's immune system may produce antibodies against the Rh factor in the baby's blood.
- These antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells, leading to hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) and causing severe complications such as anemia, jaundice, and in severe cases, even death.
Therefore, in the scenario where the mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive, there is a risk factor for erythroblastosis foetalis in the newborn baby. It is essential for Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive babies to receive Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) injections to prevent the development of antibodies and protect the baby from the condition.

Consider the following statements (A-C) each with one or two blanks.
(A) (1) are the most abundant cells (60-65 percent) of the total WBCs and (2) are the least (0.5-1 percent) among them.
(B) Platelets are cell fragments produced from (3).
(C) During clot formation, fibrins are formed by the conversion of inactive (4) in the plasma by the enzyme (5)
Which one of the following options, gives the correct fill ups for the respective blank numbers from (1) to (5) in the statements ?
  • a)
    (1)-Neutrophils, (2)-basophils, (4)-fibrinogens, (5)-thrombin
  • b)
    (3)-mast cells, (4)-thrombokinase, (5)-prothrombin
  • c)
    (3)-megakaryocytes, (4)-prothrombin, (5)-thrombin
  • d)
    (1)-Basophils, (2)-neutrophils, (3)-reticulocytes
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Geetika Shah answered
Blood platelets are cell fragments rather than true cells, they are formed from megakaryocytes (very large cells of bone marrow).

Chapter doubts & questions for Body fluids and Circulation - Biology for EmSAT Achieve 2025 is part of EmSAT Achieve exam preparation. The chapters have been prepared according to the EmSAT Achieve exam syllabus. The Chapter doubts & questions, notes, tests & MCQs are made for EmSAT Achieve 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests here.

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