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All questions of Functions for EmSAT Achieve Exam

What will be the output of the following code?
def calculate_average(numbers):
    total = sum(numbers)
    avg = total / len(numbers)
    return avg
scores = [85, 90, 92, 88, 95]
average_score = calculate_average(scores)
print(average_score)
  • a)
    88.5
  • b)
    90
  • c)
    92
  • d)
    [85, 90, 92, 88, 95]
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
The calculate_average function takes a list of numbers as input, calculates the average of the numbers, and returns the result. In this case, the function is called with the list [85, 90, 92, 88, 95], and it returns the average score of 88.5, which is then printed.
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What will be the output of the following code?
def square(number):
return number ** 2
result = square(square(2))
print(result)
  • a)
    4
  • b)
    8
  • c)
    16
  • d)
    Error: undefined function square()
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Shaikha Talal Al Hashimi answered
Explanation:

square() function:
- The square() function takes a number as input and returns the square of that number.
- For example, square(2) will return 4.

Result calculation:
- In the given code, the result variable is assigned the result of calling the square() function with the argument square(2).
- The inner call square(2) returns 4 (since 2 * 2 = 4).
- Then, the outer call square(4) returns 16 (since 4 * 4 = 16).
- Therefore, the final result stored in the variable result is 16.
Therefore, the output of the code will be:
c) 16

What will be the output of the following code?
def greet():
    message = "Hello, world!"
    print(message)
greet()
print(message)
  • a)
    Hello, world!
  • b)
    Hello, world! (printed twice)
  • c)
    NameError: name 'message' is not defined
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Sahar Aamir Al Salmani answered
Understanding the Code
The provided code defines a function and attempts to print a variable outside its scope. Let's break it down:
- The function `greet()` is defined, which contains a local variable named `message`.
- Inside the function, `message` is assigned the string "Hello, world!" and is printed when the function is called.
Function Call
When you call `greet()`, it executes the following:
- It prints "Hello, world!" to the console.
Scope of Variables
- The variable `message` is defined within the `greet()` function. This means it has local scope, which restricts its visibility to within that function only.
- Once the function execution is complete, the `message` variable is no longer accessible.
Attempting to Print Outside the Function
After calling `greet()`, the code attempts to execute `print(message)` outside of the `greet()` function. Since `message` is not defined in the global scope, Python raises an error:
- NameError: name 'message' is not defined
Conclusion
Thus, the correct output of the code is indeed option 'C', which explains that a `NameError` occurs when trying to access `message` outside its defined scope. This illustrates the importance of understanding variable scope in Python programming.

What will be the output of the following code?
def add_numbers(a, b): return a + b
result = add_numbers(3, 7) print(result)
  • a)
    3
  • b)
    7
  • c)
    10
  • d)
    Error: undefined function add_numbers()
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Faisal Al Saadi answered
Output:
The output of the code will be:
c) 10

Explanation:
The code defines a function named add_numbers that takes two arguments, a and b. It returns the value of a, ignoring the value of b.

The code then calls the add_numbers function with arguments 3 and 7, and assigns the returned value, which is 3, to the variable result.

Finally, it prints the value of result, which is 3.

Step-by-step explanation:

1. The function add_numbers is defined with two parameters, a and b.

2. Inside the function, it only returns the value of a. The value of b is not used in any way.

3. The function call add_numbers(3, 7) is made, passing the arguments 3 and 7 to the function.

4. The function returns the value of a, which is 3.

5. The returned value, 3, is assigned to the variable result.

6. The print statement then prints the value of result, which is 3.

Key Points:
- The function add_numbers returns the value of the first parameter, ignoring the second parameter.
- The function call add_numbers(3, 7) returns 3.
- The returned value is assigned to the variable result.
- The value of result, 3, is printed.

Which keyword is used to define a function in Python?
  • a)
    define
  • b)
    func
  • c)
    function
  • d)
    def
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
The keyword "def" is used to define a function in Python. It is followed by the function name and parentheses containing any parameters.

What will be the output of the following code?
x = 5
def change_x():
global x
x = 10
change_x()
print(x)
  • a)
    5
  • b)
    10
  • c)
    Error: undefined variable x
  • d)
    Error: cannot use global keyword inside a function
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
The function change_x modifies the value of the global variable x using the global keyword. When the function is called, the value of x is changed to 10. Therefore, the output is 10.

What will be the output of the following code?
def outer():
x = 5
   def inner():
       nonlocal x
       x = 10
   inner()
   print(x)
outer()
  • a)
    5
  • b)
    10
  • c)
    Error: invalid syntax in function outer()
  • d)
    15
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
The outer function defines a variable x and calls the inner function, which uses the nonlocal keyword to modify the outer variable x. After calling inner, the value of x is changed to 10, which is printed as the output.

What will be the output of the following code?
def outer_function():
x = 10
   def inner_function():
       nonlocal x
       x += 5
       print(x)
   inner_function()
   print(x)
outer_function()
  • a)
    10 15
  • b)
    5 10
  • c)
    15 10
  • d)
    Error: invalid syntax in function outer_function()
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Nasser Al Hadi answered
Explanation:
The code provided defines two functions: outer_function and inner_function.

In the outer_function, a variable named x is defined and assigned a value of 10.

The inner_function is defined within the outer_function. It uses the nonlocal keyword to indicate that the variable x being used is the same as the one defined in the outer_function, not a new local variable.

Inside the inner_function, the value of x is changed to 5 and then printed.

After the inner_function is called, the value of x is printed again.

Output:
The output of the code will be:

15
10

Explanation of Output:
- When the inner_function is called, it changes the value of x to 5 using the nonlocal keyword.
- So, the first print statement inside the inner_function will output 5.
- After the inner_function is called, the value of x is still accessible in the outer_function.
- Therefore, when the second print statement is executed in the outer_function, the value of x is 15 because it was changed to 5 in the inner_function.

What will be the output of the following code?
def multiply(a, *args):
result = a
for num in args:
result *= num
return result
result = multiply(2, 3, 4, 5)
print(result)
  • a)
    2
  • b)
    60
  • c)
    120
  • d)
    150
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
The multiply function multiplies the arguments passed to it. In this case, it is called with arguments 2, 3, 4, and 5. The result is calculated as 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 = 60, which is printed as the output.

What will be the output of the following code?
def outer_function(x):
    def inner_function(y):
        nonlocal x
        x += y
        return x
    return inner_function
add_5 = outer_function(5)
result = add_5(3)
print(result)
  • a)
    5
  • b)
    3
  • c)
    8
  • d)
    13
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Hind Hisham Al Nuaimi answered
The output of the code will be 8.

Explanation:
- The code defines a function called `outer_function` that takes a parameter `x`.
- Inside `outer_function`, there is another function called `inner_function` defined. This inner function takes a parameter `y`.
- The `nonlocal` keyword is used to indicate that the `x` variable inside `inner_function` is the same as the `x` variable in the outer function scope.
- Inside `inner_function`, the value of `x` is updated to the value of `y`.
- The `inner_function` is then returned from `outer_function`.
- The line `add_5 = outer_function(5)` calls `outer_function` with an argument of 5 and assigns the returned `inner_function` to the variable `add_5`.
- Finally, the line `result = add_5(3)` calls `add_5` (which is the `inner_function`) with an argument of 3 and assigns the returned value to the variable `result`.
- Since the value of `x` in `inner_function` is updated to 3, and it is returned as the result, the output will be 8.

In summary, the code defines a closure where the inner function has access to the variable in the outer function and updates its value. The returned inner function is then called with an argument, resulting in the updated value being returned as the output.

What will be the output of the following code?
def increment(x):
x += 1
return x
def square(x):
x = increment(x)
return x ** 2
result = square(3)
print(result)
  • a)
    4
  • b)
    9
  • c)
    16
  • d)
    10
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Mohsen Al Qubaisi answered
Code Analysis:
The code provided defines two functions: `increment(x)` and `square(x)`.
- The `increment(x)` function takes an input `x` and assigns the value 1 to `x`.
- The `square(x)` function takes an input `x` and calls the `increment(x)` function. It then returns the square of `x` by raising it to the power of 2.
- Finally, the code calls the `square(3)` function and assigns the result to the variable `result`. It then prints the value of `result`.

Output:
The output of the code will be `16`.

Explanation:
1. The code begins by calling the `square(3)` function.
2. Inside the `square(x)` function:
- The input `x` is passed to the `increment(x)` function.
- Inside the `increment(x)` function, `x` is assigned the value 1.
- The value of `x` in the `square(x)` function is still 3.
- The `square(x)` function then returns the square of `x`, which is 3^2 = 9.
3. The returned value of 9 is assigned to the variable `result`.
4. Finally, the value of `result` (which is 9) is printed.

Incorrect Options:
- Option 'A' (4) is incorrect because the square of 3 is 9, not 4.
- Option 'B' (9) is incorrect because the square of 3 is 9, not 16.
- Option 'D' (10) is incorrect because the value of `result` is 9, not 10.

Correct Option:
- Option 'C' (16) is the correct answer because the code returns the square of 3, which is 9, and assigns it to the variable `result`.
- When the value of `result` is printed, it will output 16.

What is the purpose of using the "return" statement in a function?
  • a)
    It terminates the function and returns a value to the caller.
  • b)
    It restarts the execution of the function from the beginning.
  • c)
    It is used to define the parameters of the function.
  • d)
    It is used to print the output of the function.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Amal Saeed Al Farsi answered
Purpose of the "return" Statement
The "return" statement plays a crucial role in functions within programming. Here’s an in-depth look at its purpose:
Terminates Function Execution
- The "return" statement immediately ends the execution of a function.
Returns a Value
- It can return a specific value back to the caller of the function. This allows the result of computations within the function to be used elsewhere in the program.
Example of Function Behavior
- Consider a function that calculates the sum of two numbers:
python
def add_numbers(a, b):
total = a + b
return total
- In this example, when "add_numbers" is called, it performs the addition and then uses "return" to send the result back to the point where the function was called.
Importance in Programming
- Without a return statement, functions would not provide any output, making them less useful for tasks that require results based on computations.
Clarifications on Other Options
- Option B: The return statement does not restart the function; it exits it entirely.
- Option C: Function parameters are defined in the function’s signature, not with a return statement.
- Option D: While "return" can send values back, it does not print output; printing is done using a separate print function.
In summary, the "return" statement is essential for providing output from functions, enabling effective data handling and flow within programming.

What will be the output of the following code?
def multiply(a, b=2):
return a * b
result = multiply(5, 3)
print(result)
  • a)
    5
  • b)
    3
  • c)
    6
  • d)
    15
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Mariam Yousif Al Hamoudi answered
Explanation:

Function Definition:
- The code defines a function named multiply that takes two parameters, a and b, with a default value of 2 for b.
- The function returns the product of a and b.

Function Call:
- The function is called with the arguments 5 and 3: multiply(5, 3)
- The function calculates the product of 5 and 3, which is 15.
- The result is stored in the variable 'result'.

Output:
- The code then prints the value stored in the variable 'result'.
- The output will be 15.
Therefore, the output of the code will be:
15

What will be the output of the following code?
def calculate_total(*numbers):
    total = 0
    for num in numbers:
        total += num
    return total
result = calculate_total(1, 2, 3, 4)
print(result)
  • a)
    1
  • b)
    10
  • c)
    24
  • d)
    13
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Adnan Al Kamali answered

Explanation:

1. Function Definition:
- The function `calculate_total` takes in a variable number of arguments using `*numbers`.
- It initializes `total` to 0.

2. Loop through Numbers:
- The function loops through each number passed to it.
- In each iteration, it assigns the current number to the `total`.

3. Return Total:
- After looping through all numbers, it returns the last number assigned to `total`.

4. Function Call:
- When `calculate_total(1, 2, 3, 4)` is called, it passes 4 arguments.
- The function assigns each number to `total` in the loop, so the final value of `total` will be 4.

5. Print Result:
- The function returns 4 as the total.
- Finally, the output of `print(result)` will be `4`.

Therefore, the output of the code will be:
```
10
```

What will be the output of the following code?
def greet(name="Guest"):
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
greet("Alice") greet()
  • a)
    Hello, Alice! Hello, Guest!
  • b)
    Hello, Alice!
  • c)
    Hello, Guest!
  • d)
    Error: invalid syntax in function greet()
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Aisha Al Mulla answered
Code Explanation
The provided code defines a function called `greet` that takes an optional parameter `name`, which defaults to "Guest". Here's a breakdown of the code execution:
Function Definition
- `def greet(name="Guest"):`
- This line defines a function named `greet`. If no argument is provided when calling the function, `name` will automatically be set to "Guest".
Function Body
- `print("Hello, " + name + "!")`
- This line constructs a greeting message by concatenating "Hello, ", the `name` variable, and "!" and then prints it.
Function Calls
- `greet("Alice")`
- This call passes "Alice" as an argument. The function executes and prints:
- Output: Hello, Alice!
- `greet()`
- This call does not pass any argument, so the default value "Guest" is used. The function then prints:
- Output: Hello, Guest!
Final Output
When both function calls are executed sequentially, the combined output is:
- Hello, Alice!
- Hello, Guest!
Thus, the correct answer is option 'A': Hello, Alice! Hello, Guest!

What is the difference between actual parameters and formal parameters in a function?
  • a)
    Actual parameters are defined inside the function, whereas formal parameters are passed during function call.
  • b)
    Actual parameters are used to define the return type of the function, whereas formal parameters are used to store the function's implementation.
  • c)
    Actual parameters are values passed to a function during function call, whereas formal parameters are variables defined in the function's signature.
  • d)
    Actual parameters are local variables inside a function, whereas formal parameters are global variables accessible from any function.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
Actual parameters, also known as arguments, are the values passed to a function during function call. Formal parameters, also known as parameters or variables, are defined in the function's signature and receive values from the actual parameters.

What will be the output of the following code?
x = 5
def update_global():
    global x
    x = 10
update_global()
print(x)
  • a)
    5
  • b)
    10
  • c)
    None
  • d)
    SyntaxError: name 'global' is not defined
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
The global variable x is updated inside the update_global function using the global keyword. When the function is called, the value of x is changed to 10. Therefore, when print(x) is executed, it prints the updated value, which is 10.

What will be the output of the following code?
def function_with_kwargs(**kwargs):
    return kwargs
result = function_with_kwargs(a=1, b=2, c=3)
print(result)
  • a)
    {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
  • b)
    {'1': 'a', '2': 'b', '3': 'c'}
  • c)
    ['a', 'b', 'c']
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
The function_with_kwargs function accepts variable-length keyword arguments using **kwargs. In this case, it is called with the keyword arguments a=1, b=2, and c=3. The kwargs dictionary stores these keyword arguments, and it is returned and printed.

What will be the output of the following code?
def function_with_args(*args):
    return len(args)
result = function_with_args(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print(result)
  • a)
    1
  • b)
    5
  • c)
    4
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
The function_with_args function accepts variable-length arguments using *args. In this case, it is called with the arguments 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The len function is used to calculate the length of args, which is 5, and it is returned and printed.

What is a function in Python?
  • a)
    A function is a variable that stores data.
  • b)
    A function is a block of code that performs a specific task and returns a value.
  • c)
    A function is a loop that repeats a set of instructions.
  • d)
    A function is a conditional statement that checks for a specific condition.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
Functions in Python are defined using the def keyword followed by a block of code. They are used to group related code and perform specific tasks. Functions can accept input parameters, perform operations, and return a value using the return statement.

What will be the output of the following code?
def power(base, exponent=2):
    return base ** exponent
result1 = power(3)
result2 = power(2, 4)
result3 = power(exponent=3, base=5)
print(result1, result2, result3)
  • a)
    6 8 125
  • b)
    9 16 125
  • c)
    9 8 125
  • d)
    6 16 125
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
The power function is defined with two parameters, base and exponent, with a default value of 2 for exponent. In this case, result1 is assigned the value of power(3) which is 9, result2 is assigned the value of power(2, 4) which is 16, and result3 is assigned the value of power(base=5, exponent=3) which is 125. These values are then printed.

What will be the output of the following code?
def multiply(a, b):
    return a * b
result = multiply(4, 5)
print(result)
  • a)
    9
  • b)
    20
  • c)
    45
  • d)
    2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Yadav answered
The multiply function takes two arguments, a and b, and returns their product. When the function is called with the arguments 4 and 5, it returns 20, which is then printed.

Chapter doubts & questions for Functions - Python for EmSAT Achieve 2025 is part of EmSAT Achieve exam preparation. The chapters have been prepared according to the EmSAT Achieve exam syllabus. The Chapter doubts & questions, notes, tests & MCQs are made for EmSAT Achieve 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests here.

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