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Arrange the following important ev ents in the history of the nationalist movement of India in chronological order.
A. Proclamation of commitment to "Purna Swaraj"
B. All India campaign against all - white Simon Commission
C. "Independence Day" was observ ed for the first time on 26 January 1930
D. Champaran Satyagraha
E. Gandhiji began the Salt March
Choose the correct answer from the option given below:
  • a)
    D, B, A, E, C
  • b)
    D, A, B, C, E
  • c)
    D, B, A, C, E
  • d)
    B, A, E, D, C
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Anuj Patel answered
Non-violence by Mahatma Gandhi
B. Partition of Bengal
C. Formation of the Indian National Congress
D. Quit India Movement
E. Salt March
F. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

C. Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885)
B. Partition of Bengal (1905)
F. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)
E. Salt March (1930)
A. Proclamation of commitment to non-violence by Mahatma Gandhi (1942)
D. Quit India Movement (1942)

Which of these are correct?
A. Early Indus Civilisation - Earnest Mackay
B. Origins of Civ ilisation - Raymond and Bridget Allchin
C. Cultured Civ ilisation - R. E. M. W heeler
D. The Indus Civilisation - G. L. Possehl
E. Understanding Harappa - Shareen Ratnagar
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • a)
    A, B, C Only
  • b)
    A, B, C, D Only
  • c)
    A, B, D, E Only
  • d)
    A, B, C, D, E
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Saptarshi Ghosh answered
Explanation:

Early Indus Civilisation - Earnest Mackay
- Earnest Mackay was a prominent archaeologist who extensively studied the early Indus Civilization.
- His work provides valuable insights into the historical and cultural aspects of this ancient civilization.

Origins of Civilisation - Raymond and Bridget Allchin
- Raymond and Bridget Allchin are renowned historians who have delved into the origins of civilization, including the early Indus Civilization.
- Their research sheds light on the development and evolution of human societies in ancient times.

The Indus Civilisation - G. L. Possehl
- G. L. Possehl is a respected scholar who has written extensively on the Indus Civilization.
- His work offers a comprehensive analysis of the various aspects of this ancient civilization, including its urban planning, trade networks, and social structure.

Understanding Harappa - Shareen Ratnagar
- Shareen Ratnagar is an eminent archaeologist and historian who has focused on understanding Harappa, one of the major cities of the Indus Civilization.
- Her research provides valuable insights into the daily life, economy, and political organization of the Harappan society.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' as it includes the works of Mackay, Allchin, and Ratnagar, which are significant in understanding the early Indus Civilization.

Mahatma Gandhi visited __________ Gurudwara to address the Sikh community as part of his effort to restore communal harmony
  • a)
    Nanded Sahib
  • b)
    Harmandar Sahib
  • c)
    Bangla Sahib
  • d)
    Sisganj Sahib
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Divya Mishra answered
Mahatma Gandhi visited Sisganj Sahib Gurudwara to address the Sikh community as part of his effort to restore communal harmony.

Explanation:
Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement, played a crucial role in promoting communal harmony and religious unity in India. He believed in the principle of equality and the importance of religious tolerance among different communities.

During his efforts to restore communal harmony, Mahatma Gandhi visited various religious places, including Gurudwaras, to address the Sikh community and spread his message of peace and unity. One such significant visit was to the Sisganj Sahib Gurudwara.

Sisganj Sahib Gurudwara:
Sisganj Sahib Gurudwara is located in Chandni Chowk, Old Delhi, and holds immense historical and religious significance for the Sikh community. It was built at the site where Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru, was martyred in 1675.

Mahatma Gandhi's Visit:
Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Sisganj Sahib Gurudwara took place during his efforts to bring communities together and foster religious harmony. He believed that by addressing different religious groups and spreading his message of non-violence and unity, he could bridge the gaps and create a sense of communal harmony.

Importance of the Visit:
Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Sisganj Sahib Gurudwara was significant because it showcased his commitment to promoting religious tolerance and understanding among different communities. By addressing the Sikh community directly, he aimed to establish a sense of unity and solidarity among all religious groups in the fight against colonial rule.

Impact:
Mahatma Gandhi's efforts to restore communal harmony had a profound impact on the Indian independence movement. He was able to mobilize people from different religious backgrounds and unite them under the common goal of freedom from British rule. His visit to Sisganj Sahib Gurudwara, along with other religious places, helped in building trust and understanding among various communities and contributed to the overall success of the independence movement.

In conclusion, Mahatma Gandhi visited Sisganj Sahib Gurudwara to address the Sikh community as part of his efforts to restore communal harmony. His visit was aimed at promoting religious tolerance, unity, and solidarity among different communities in India.

Who found the serv ices of the slaves indespensible for carrying women and men on palanquins or dola?
  • a)
    Abdur Razzak
  • b)
    Al-Biruni
  • c)
    Abdul Fazl
  • d)
    Ibn Batuta
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Sharma answered
Slaves were generally used for domestic labour, and Ibn Battuta found their services particularly indispensable for carrying women and men on palanquins or dola.

The resolution proposing that the National Flag of India be a "horizontal tricolor of saffron, white and dark green in equal proportion" was moved by:
  • a)
    Sardar Patel
  • b)
    Dr. Rajendra Prasad
  • c)
    Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
  • d)
    Jawaharlal Nehru
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Milan Das answered
Tricolour flag was adopted on July 22, 1947. The flag consists of three equal horizontal bands of saffron, white, and green, with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at the center. The saffron color represents courage and sacrifice, the white color represents peace and truth, and the green color represents fertility, growth, and auspiciousness. The Ashoka Chakra symbolizes the wheel of law and is a representation of righteousness, progress, and dynamic change. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya and was chosen as the National Flag of India to represent the diversity, unity, and aspirations of the Indian people.

Dakshayani Velayudhan and Hansa Mehta were members of ________.
  • a)
    Constituent Assembly
  • b)
    NGO W orking for physically disabled
  • c)
    NGO Working for women
  • d)
    Language Committee
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Debolina Ahuja answered
Dakshayani Velayudhan and Hansa Mehta were both members of the Constituent Assembly of India.

Constituent Assembly:
- The Constituent Assembly of India was a body formed to draft the Constitution of India.
- It was established in 1946 under the Cabinet Mission Plan.
- The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies and princely states.
- The Assembly had a total of 389 members, including representatives from various political parties, communities, and regions.
- Its primary task was to draft and adopt the Constitution of India, which was later enacted on January 26, 1950.
- The Constituent Assembly also functioned as a legislative body until the first general elections were held in 1952.

Dakshayani Velayudhan:
- Dakshayani Velayudhan was a prominent social worker and politician from Kerala, India.
- She actively participated in the Indian freedom struggle and was associated with the Indian National Congress.
- Velayudhan was elected as a member of the Constituent Assembly from Madras Presidency.
- She played a crucial role in shaping the social and economic policies of the Constitution.
- Velayudhan advocated for women's rights, labor rights, and the upliftment of marginalized communities.
- She worked towards ensuring gender equality, education for all, and the eradication of poverty and social discrimination.

Hansa Mehta:
- Hansa Mehta was an eminent educationist, social activist, and politician from Gujarat, India.
- She was a key member of the women's movement in India and a strong advocate for women's rights.
- Mehta was elected as a member of the Constituent Assembly from Bombay Presidency.
- She actively participated in the discussions on fundamental rights, women's empowerment, and social justice.
- Mehta played a significant role in the framing of Article 15 of the Indian Constitution, which prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
- She also served as the president of the All India Women's Conference and was a delegate to several international conferences on women's rights.

Conclusion:
Dakshayani Velayudhan and Hansa Mehta were both influential members of the Constituent Assembly of India. They actively contributed to the drafting and shaping of the Indian Constitution, with a focus on women's rights, social justice, and the upliftment of marginalized communities.

The Mughal empire was among the large territorial empires in Asia that had managed to consolidate power and resources during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Which of the following empires was not enjoying the same power but positioned similar to the Mughals?
  • a)
    Mings (China)
  • b)
    Safavid (Iran)
  • c)
    Ottoman (Turkey)
  • d)
    Mongol (Mongolia)
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Amita Das answered
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the following empires were enjoying significant power and consolidation:
  • Mughal Empire (India): Established by Babur in 1526, the Mughal Empire expanded its territories and power across the Indian subcontinent, reaching its peak under Emperor Akbar.
  • Ming Dynasty (China): The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was a powerful and prosperous empire, known for its cultural achievements and territorial expansion. The Great Wall of China was rebuilt and extended during this period.
  • Safavid Empire (Iran): Established in 1501 by Shah Ismail I, the Safavid Empire became a major regional power, known for its contributions to art, architecture, and Persian culture.
  • Ottoman Empire (Turkey): The Ottoman Empire was an expansive Islamic state, reaching its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent in the sixteenth century. The empire stretched across three continents, including parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.

In contrast, the Mongol Empire (Mongolia) was not enjoying the same level of power and consolidation during this period:
  • The Mongol Empire, originally established by Genghis Khan in the 13th century, had fragmented into smaller states by the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These smaller states, such as the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, and the Ilkhanate, were no longer as powerful or influential as the united Mongol Empire had been during its peak.

Directions: Please read the passage and answer the questions that follows.
In introducing the Permanent Settlement, British officials hoped to resolve the problems they had been facing since the conquest of Bengal. By the 1770s, the rural economy in Bengal was in crisis, with recurrent famines and declining agricultural output. Officials felt that agriculture, trade and the revenue resources of the state could all be developed by encouraging investment in agriculture. This could be done by securing rights of property and permanently fixing the rates of revenue demand. If the revenue demand of the state was permanently fixed, then the company could look forward to a regular flow of revenue, while entrepreneurs could feel sure of earning a profit from their investment, since the state would not siphon it off by increasing its claim.
The process, officials hoped, would lead to the emergence of a class of yeomen farmers and rich landowners who would have the capital and enterprise to improve agriculture. Nurtured by the British, this class would also be loyal to the company.
Q. Out of the given options, choose the most appropriate one : According to the British officials, the solution to the problems of Bengal was :
  • a)
    Abolition of Zamindari System
  • b)
    Suppression of the Jotedars
  • c)
    Encouraging investment in agriculture
  • d)
    Snatching of the powers of Zamindars
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Sharma answered
According to the British officials, the solution to the problems of Bengal was:
Encouraging investment in agriculture
  • Secure rights of property
  • Permanently fix the rates of revenue demand
  • Ensure a regular flow of revenue for the company
  • Provide entrepreneurs with a profit incentive for their investment
  • Prevent the state from increasing its claim on profits
The British officials believed that this approach would lead to the emergence of a class of yeomen farmers and rich landowners who would have the capital and enterprise to improve agriculture and be loyal to the company.

The battle between the hoe and the plough continued for long. The hoe and the plough were the symbols of:
  • a)
    The British and the Indians
  • b)
    The paharias and the samthals
  • c)
    The Zamindars and the Zotedars
  • d)
    The dikus and the samthals
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Amita Das answered
By this time in fact there were newer intimations of danger. Santhals were pouring into the area, clearing forests, cutting down timber, ploughing land and growing rice and cotton. As the lower hills were taken over by Santhal settlers, the Paharias receded deeper into the Rajmahal hills.
If Paharia life was symbolised by the hoe, which they used for shifting cultivation, the settlers came to represent the power of the plough. The battle between the hoe and the plough was a long one.

Who was the traveler whose account described Delhi as a vast city, with a great population, the largest in India: -
  • a)
    Ibn Battuta
  • b)
    Al-Biruni
  • c)
    Manucci
  • d)
    Francois Bernier
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Amita Das answered
Ibn Battuta described Delhi as a vast city, with a great population, the largest in India. Daulatabad (in Maharashtra) was no less, and easily rivalled Delhi in size.

Directions: Please read the passage and answer the questions that follow:
British pictures offer a variety of images that were meant to provoke a range of different emotions and reactions.
Some of them commemorate the British heroes who saved the English and repressed the rebels. "Relief of Lucknow", painted by Thomas Jones Barker in 1859, is an example of this type. When the rebel forces besieged Lucknow, Henry Lawrence, the Commissioner of Lucknow, collected the Christian population and took refuge in the heavily fortified Residency.
Lawrence was killed but the Residency continued to be defended under the command of Colonel Inglis. On 25 September James Outram and Henry Havelock arrived, cut through the rebel forces, and reinforced the British garrisons. Twenty days later Colin Campbell, who was appointed as the new Commander of British forces in India, came with his forces and rescued the besieged British garrison. In British accounts the siege of Lucknow became a story of survival, heroic resistance and the ultimate triumph of British power. Barker's painting celebrated the moment of Campbell's entry. At the centre of the canvas are the British heroes -Campbell, Outram and Havelock. The gestures of the hands of those around lead the spectator's eyes towards the centre. The heroes stand on a ground that is well lit, with shadows in the foreground and tire damaged Residency in the background.
Tire dead and injured in the foreground are testimony to the suffering during the siege, while the triumphant figures of horses in the middle ground emphasise the fact that British power and control had been reestablished. To the British public such paintings were reassuring. They created a sense that the time of trouble was past and the rebellion was over; the British were the victors.
Q. Thomas Jones Barker painted which famous painting?
  • a)
    “In Memoriam”
  • b)
    “Justice”
  • c)
    “Relief of Lucknow”
  • d)
    “Miss W heeler”
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Akshita Saha answered
Analysis of Thomas Jones Barker's Painting
The question asks about the famous painting created by Thomas Jones Barker, and the correct answer is "Relief of Lucknow." Here's an explanation detailing why this is the answer.
Historical Context
- Event Depicted: The painting "Relief of Lucknow" commemorates a significant military event during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
- Key Figures: It features British heroes such as Colin Campbell, James Outram, and Henry Havelock, who played crucial roles in the relief of besieged British forces in Lucknow.
Artistic Elements
- Composition: Barker’s artwork is strategically designed, with the heroes positioned at the center, drawing the viewer’s attention.
- Lighting: The bright illumination on the figures of the heroes contrasts with the shadows and destruction in the background, symbolizing hope amidst despair.
Emotional Impact
- Reassurance for the Public: The painting served to reassure the British public by portraying a narrative of survival and victory.
- Portrayal of Suffering and Triumph: While it acknowledges the suffering symbolized by the injured and dead in the foreground, it ultimately emphasizes the restoration of British power.
Conclusion
In summary, "Relief of Lucknow" captures not only a pivotal moment in British military history but also reflects the emotions and sentiments of the time. It stands as a testament to British resilience and heroism, making it a notable work by Thomas Jones Barker.

Arrange the following Mughal chronicles, starting from the one written at the earliest to the one written in tire last: (A) Abul Fazl works on the Akbar nama
(B) Muhammad W aris begins his chronicle in tire third decade of Shall Jahan's reign.
(C) Gulbadan Begum begins to write the Humayan Nama.
(D) Lahori composes the first two daftars of the Badshah Nama.
(E) Babur's m emoirs translated into Persian as Babur Nama.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
  • a)
    (A), (B), (C), (E), (D)
  • b)
    (B), (D), (E), (C), (A)
  • c)
    (C), (E), (A), (D), (B)
  • d)
    (A), (C), (B), (D), (E)
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohit Goyal answered
Chronological Arrangement of Mughal Chronicles
To understand the correct arrangement of the Mughal chronicles, we need to identify the timeline of each work:
  • (C) Humayan Nama: Written by Gulbadan Begum, this chronicle was created in the late 16th century, depicting the life of her father, Humayun.
  • (E) Babur Nama: The memoirs of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, were initially written in Chaghatai Turkish and later translated into Persian. This work dates back to the early 16th century.
  • (A) Akbar Nama: Authored by Abul Fazl, this extensive work on the reign of Akbar was completed in 1602, capturing the essence of Akbar's rule and his administration.
  • (D) Badshah Nama: Written by Lahori, this chronicle consists of accounts from Shah Jahan's reign and was composed in the 17th century, specifically focusing on the latter part of his rule.
  • (B) Chronicle by Muhammad Waris: This chronicle began in the third decade of Shah Jahan’s reign, which places it in the 1630s, after the previous works mentioned.

Correct Order
Based on the timeline, the correct chronological arrangement from earliest to latest is:
1. (C) Gulbadan Begum begins to write the Humayan Nama.
2. (E) Babur’s memoirs translated into Persian as Babur Nama.
3. (A) Abul Fazl works on the Akbar Nama.
4. (D) Lahori composes the first two daftars of the Badshah Nama.
5. (B) Muhammad Waris begins his chronicle in the third decade of Shah Jahan's reign.
Thus, the correct answer is option 'C': (C), (E), (A), (D), (B).

Directions: Please read the passage and answer the questions that follows.
Some of the earliest bhakti movements (c. sixth century) were led by the Alvars (literally, those who are "immersed" in devotion to Vishnu) and Nayanars (literally, leaders who were devotees of Shiva). They travelled from place to place singing hymns in Tamil in praise of their gods. Dining their travels, the Alvars and Nayanars identified certain shrines as abodes of their chosen deities. Very often large temples were later built
at these sacred places. These developed as centers of pilgrimage. Singing compositions of these poet-saints became part of temple rituals in these shrines, as did worship of the saints' images. Some historians suggest that the Alvars and Nayanars initiated a movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas or at least attempted to reform the system.
To some extent, this is corroborated by the fact that bhaktas hailed from diverse social backgrounds ranging from Brahmanas to artisans and cultivators and even from castes considered "untouchable".
Q. Singing compositions of _______ became part of temple rituals in all shrines.
  • a)
    Poet- Saints
  • b)
    Poet - politicians
  • c)
    Poet - Businessman
  • d)
    Poet - Artisans
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Isha Kaur answered
Singing Compositions of Poet-Saints
The correct answer to the question regarding whose compositions became part of temple rituals in shrines is indeed "Poet-Saints." Here’s a detailed explanation:
Significance of Alvars and Nayanars
- The Alvars (devotees of Vishnu) and Nayanars (devotees of Shiva) were pivotal figures in the early bhakti movements.
- They were poet-saints who composed hymns in Tamil, expressing their devotion and love for their chosen deities.
Integration into Temple Rituals
- Their hymns, known for their emotional depth and spiritual fervor, were integral to the worship practices in temples.
- These compositions were not merely personal expressions; they became part of communal rituals and were sung during temple ceremonies.
Impact on Pilgrimage Centers
- The shrines identified by Alvars and Nayanars transformed into significant pilgrimage centers.
- The popularity of their hymns contributed to the cultural and spiritual atmosphere of these temples, making the worship experience richer and more accessible.
Diverse Social Backgrounds
- Importantly, the bhakti movement, represented by these poet-saints, was inclusive, drawing followers from various social strata, including those from marginalized backgrounds.
- This aspect of the movement played a crucial role in challenging the existing caste system and promoting a more egalitarian religious practice.
In conclusion, the singing compositions of poet-saints were essential in shaping the spiritual landscape of early bhakti movements, making them a vital part of temple rituals across various shrines.

Who among the following were not associated with the revolt of 1857?
A. Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah
B. Nana Sahib
C. C. R. Das
D. Shah Mai
E. S. N. Sen
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • a)
    A and B only
  • b)
    B and D only
  • c)
    D and E only
  • d)
    C and E only
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Aniket Banerjee answered
Revolt of 1857 Overview
The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant uprising against British rule in India. Various leaders played pivotal roles during this revolt, while some figures were not involved at all.
Key Figures Associated with the Revolt
- Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah: A prominent leader from the Awadh region, he was instrumental in rallying support for the revolt.
- Nana Sahib: The adopted son of the last Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, he led the rebellion in Kanpur and became a key figure in the uprising.
Individuals Not Associated with the Revolt
- C. R. Das: A significant figure in Indian politics, he emerged during the early 20th century and was not involved in the 1857 revolt. He was a prominent leader in the Indian National Congress.
- S. N. Sen: Similar to C. R. Das, S. N. Sen was active later in the Indian independence movement and had no participation in the 1857 revolt.
Conclusion
Thus, the correct answer to the question of who was not associated with the revolt of 1857 is option 'D', which includes C. R. Das and S. N. Sen. Their involvement came much later in the struggle for India's independence, making them irrelevant to the events of 1857.

Strategies evolved by Brahmans to enforce 'vama' norms
A. varna order was of divine origin
B. varna order would ensure better marriage status
C. They adv ised the kings to ensure these norms were followed in the kingdoms
D. Persuade people that status was determined by birth
E. varna norms would lead to wealth Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
  • a)
    A, B and C Only
  • b)
    A, C and D Only
  • c)
    D, B and E Only
  • d)
    E, B and C Only
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohit Sharma answered
The Brahmanas evolved two or three strategies for enforcing these norms. One, as we have just seen, was to assert that the varna order was of divine origin. Second, they advised kings to ensure that these norms were followed within their kingdoms. And third, they attempted to persuade people that their status was determined by birth.

 Select the correct information regarding the Mauryan Empire :
(A) The name of the ruler, Ashok, is not mentioned in every incriptions issued by him.
(B) Information about Chandragupta can be found in the account of Megasthenes.
(C) Most of the Ashokan inscriptions were written in the Pali language.
(D) Tax i la was the capital c ity of the Mauryan Empire.
(E) Ujjayini, Tosali and Suvarngiri were also important political centres in die empire.
Choose the correct answer from die options given below :
  • a)
    (A), (B) and (E) only
  • b)
    (A), (C) and (D) only
  • c)
    (B), (D) and (E) only
  • d)
    (A), (C) and (E) only
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
  • Most of the inscriptions mentioned a king referred to as Piyadassi - meaning "pleasant to behold" · Historians have used a variety of sources to reconstruct the history of the Mauryan Empire.
  • These include contemporary works, such as the account of Megasthenes (a Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya), which survives in fragments.
  • There were five major political centres in the empire - the capital Pataliputra and the provincial centres of Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali and Suvarnagiri, all mentioned in Asokan inscriptions.

Why did Mahatm a Gandhi support the Khilafat issue?
  • a)
    To protest against Salt Law
  • b)
    To protest against Jallianwala Bagh incident
  • c)
    To div ide Hindu-Muslim against British rule
  • d)
    To unite the people of India for the Caliphate of Turkey
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohit Sharma answered
If non-cooperation was effectiv ely carried out, said Gandhiji, India would win swaraj within a year. To further broaden the struggle he had joined hands with the Khilafat Movement that sought to restore the Caliphate, a symbol of Pan-Islamism which had recently been abolished by the Turkish ruler Kemal Attaturk.

In 1937 election, the congress won a comprehensive victory. Now, out of 11 provinces, the congress had "Prime Ministers" in:
  • a)
    7 Prov inces
  • b)
    9 Prov inces
  • c)
    8 Prov inces
  • d)
    11 Provinces
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
In 1935, however, a new Government of India Act promised some form of representative government.
Two years later, in an election held on the basis of a restricted franchise, the Congress won a comprehensive victory. Now eight out of 11 provinces had a Congress "Prime Minister", working under the supervision of a British Governor.

Directions: Read the passage given below to answer the following questions.
On that day in Supa
On 16 May 1875, the District Magistrate of Poona wrote to the Police Commissioner : On arrival at Supa on Saturday 15 May I learnt of the disturbance.
One house of a moneylender was burnt down; about a dozen were forcibly broken into and completely gutted of their content. Account papers, bonds, grains, country cloth were burnt in the street where heaps of ashes are still to be seen.
The chief constable apprehended 50 persons. Stolen property worth Rs. 2,000 was recovered. The estimated loss is over Rs. 25,000. Moneylenders claim it is over 1 lakh. Deccan riots commission
Q. Identify one of the m easures used by the British to control the peasant revolts :
  • a)
    Tributes were giv en to the peasants.
  • b)
    Police arrested few people and stolen property recovered.
  • c)
    Taxes on the produce were mitigated.
  • d)
    New farm policies were introduced.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Sharma answered
Measure used by the British to control the peasant revolts:
- The British used police force to arrest people involved in the revolts.
- In the passage, it is mentioned that the chief constable apprehended 50 persons.
- The British also recovered stolen property to compensate for the losses incurred during the revolts.
- In this case, stolen property worth Rs. 2,000 was recovered.

Whose constitutional status remained ambiguous at the time of Independence?
  • a)
    Tribals
  • b)
    Minorities
  • c)
    Depressed Classes
  • d)
    Princely States
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Varun Datta answered
Constitutional Status of Princely States at Independence
At the time of India's independence in 1947, the constitutional status of princely states was indeed ambiguous. These states were semi-autonomous regions ruled by local monarchs under the suzerainty of the British Crown.
Princely States Overview
- Definition: Princely states were territories in India that were governed by local rulers under agreements with the British.
- Number: There were over 500 princely states, each with its own governance structures and treaties.
Ambiguity in Status
- Independence Transition: When India gained independence, princely states were given the choice to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent.
- Lack of Clarity: The legal and constitutional framework governing these states was not clearly defined, leading to uncertainty about their status in the new nation.
Integration into India
- Instruments of Accession: To resolve the ambiguity, the Indian government encouraged princely states to sign the Instrument of Accession, formalizing their integration into India.
- Significant Events: The integration faced challenges, notably in states like Hyderabad and Junagadh, where rulers initially resisted joining India.
Conclusion
The ambiguity surrounding the constitutional status of princely states at the time of independence led to a complex process of integration into the Indian Union. This period was marked by negotiations, political maneuvering, and significant events that ultimately shaped the territorial and political landscape of modern India.

Why Amravati did not survive ?
  • a)
    Because it was not known to anyone.
  • b)
    Because it was not preserved.
  • c)
    Because people did not giv e importance to it.
  • d)
    Because they started making other stupas.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sarthak Joshi answered
Explanation:

Introduction:
Amravati, located in present-day Andhra Pradesh, India, was once a flourishing Buddhist settlement and a significant center for Buddhist art and culture. However, it eventually declined and did not survive as a prominent site.

Reasons for Amravati's decline:

1. Lack of preservation:
Amravati's decline can be attributed to the lack of proper preservation efforts. Over time, the site suffered from neglect and deterioration, leading to its eventual decline. The intricate Buddhist sculptures and stupas were not adequately protected and maintained, resulting in their degradation.

2. Changing religious landscape:
As time progressed, the religious landscape of India underwent significant changes. Buddhism, which had once flourished in Amravati, faced a decline in patronage and popularity. Hinduism and other religious traditions gained prominence, leading to a shift in focus and resources away from Buddhist sites like Amravati.

3. Shift of political power:
The decline of Amravati can also be linked to the shift of political power in the region. As political dynamics changed, the rulers and patrons who had previously supported and contributed to the development of Amravati may have changed their interests and priorities. This shift in patronage and support could have adversely affected the preservation and growth of the site.

4. Competition from other stupas:
Amravati faced competition from other stupas and Buddhist sites across India. As Buddhism spread to various regions and gained popularity, new centers for Buddhist art and culture emerged. These new centers attracted attention and resources, diverting them away from Amravati.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Amravati did not survive as a prominent site due to a combination of factors including the lack of preservation, changing religious landscape, shift of political power, and competition from other stupas. These factors collectively contributed to the decline and eventual obscurity of Amravati as a significant Buddhist center.

Which of these Buddhist texts deals with philosophical matters ?
  • a)
    Vinay Pitaka
  • b)
    Sutta Pitaka
  • c)
    Abhidamma Pitaka
  • d)
    Jatakas
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Malavika Patel answered
Abhidhamma Pitaka is the Buddhist text that deals with philosophical matters.

Explanation:

The Buddhist canon is divided into three major sections known as the Tripitaka or the "Three Baskets." These three sections are the Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, and Abhidhamma Pitaka. Each Pitaka deals with different aspects of Buddhist teachings and practices.

1. Vinaya Pitaka: This section contains the rules and regulations for monastic discipline. It focuses on the ethical and disciplinary aspects of the Buddhist monastic community.

2. Sutta Pitaka: The Sutta Pitaka is a collection of discourses attributed to the Buddha. It contains a wide range of teachings, including ethical guidelines, meditation instructions, and philosophical discussions. The Suttas are considered the most important part of the Buddhist canon and are often studied for their practical guidance.

3. Abhidhamma Pitaka: The Abhidhamma Pitaka is the most philosophical and analytical section of the Buddhist canon. It delves into the deeper understanding of the nature of reality and the mind. It provides detailed classifications, analysis, and explanations of various mental and physical phenomena. The Abhidhamma Pitaka aims to provide a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the Buddha's teachings.

The Abhidhamma Pitaka is considered to be a highly complex and challenging text that requires deep contemplation and study. It explores topics such as consciousness, mental factors, the nature of reality, and the interplay of different phenomena. It provides a detailed map of the mind and its functions, offering insights into the workings of human experience.

In conclusion, while all three sections of the Buddhist canon contain valuable teachings, the Abhidhamma Pitaka specifically deals with philosophical matters, providing a profound and systematic analysis of the nature of reality and the mind.

The Sanskrit play Mrichchhkatika was written in the fourth century by -
  • a)
    Banabhatta
  • b)
    Shrudraka
  • c)
    Kautilya
  • d)
    Harisena
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohit Sharma answered
Sanskrit texts and inscriptions used the term vanik to designate merchants. While trade was defined as an occupation for Vaishyas in the Shastras, a more complex situation is evident in plays such as the Mrichchhakatika written by Shudraka (c. fourth century CE)

An early globe trotter 'Ibn Battuta' visited India during the reign of
  • a)
    Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
  • b)
    Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
  • c)
    Iltutmish
  • d)
    Qutub-Uddin-Aibak
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Amita Das answered
Travelling overland through Central Asia, Ibn Battuta reached Sind in 1333. He had heard about Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the Sultan of Delhi, and lured by his reputation as a generous patron of arts and letters, set off for Delhi, passing through Multan and Uch.

Directions: Please read the passage and answer the question that follow:
Why was salt the symbol of protest? This is what Mahatma Gandhi wrote: The volume of information being gained daily show's how wickedly the salt tax has been designed. In order to prevent the use of salt that has not paid the tax which is at times even fourteen times its value, the Government destroys the salt it cannot sell profitably. Thus it taxes the nation's vital necessity; it prevents the public from manufacturing it and destroys what nature manufactures without effort. No adjective is strong enough for characterizing the wicked dog-in-the-manger policy.
From various sources I hear tales of such wanton destruction of the nation's property in all parts of India.
Maunds if not tons of salt are said to be destroyed on the Konkan coast. The same tale comes from Dandi.
Wherever there is likelihood of natural salt being taken away by the people living in the neighbourhood of such areas for their personal use, salt officers are posted for the sole purpose of carrying on destruction. Thus valuable national property is destroyed at national expense and salt taken out of the mouths of the people.
The salt monopoly is thus a fourfold curse. It deprives tire people of a valuable easy village industry, involves wanton destruction of property that nature produces in abundance, the destruction itself means more national expenditure, and fourthly, to crown this folly, an unheard of tax of more than 1,000 per cent is exacted from a. starving people.
This tax has remained so long because of the apathy of the general public. Now that it is sufficiently roused, the tax has to go. How soon it will be abolished depends upon tire strength the people.
Q. M. K. Gandhi had heard that salt was destroyed by the Government in large quantities in which of the following region?
  • a)
    Malabar coast
  • b)
    Coromandal coast
  • c)
    Konkan coast
  • d)
    Northern Sircar coast
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
Mahatma Gandhi discusses the negative impact of the salt tax and the government's actions related to salt. He mentions that he has heard about the destruction of large quantities of salt in various regions of India. Specifically, he states:
"Maunds if not tons of salt are said to be destroyed on the Konkan coast."
This indicates that Gandhi had heard about the government destroying salt in large quantities in the Konkan coast region.

Directions: Please read the passage and answer the question that follow:
Why was salt the symbol of protest? This is what Mahatma Gandhi wrote: The volume of information being gained daily show's how wickedly the salt tax has been designed. In order to prevent the use of salt that has not paid the tax which is at times even fourteen times its value, the Government destroys the salt it cannot sell profitably. Thus it taxes the nation's vital necessity; it prevents the public from manufacturing it and destroys what nature manufactures without effort. No adjective is strong enough for characterizing the wicked dog-in-the-manger policy.
From various sources I hear tales of such wanton destruction of the nation's property in all parts of India.
Maunds if not tons of salt are said to be destroyed on the Konkan coast. The same tale comes from Dandi.
Wherever there is likelihood of natural salt being taken away by the people living in the neighbourhood of such areas for their personal use, salt officers are posted for the sole purpose of carrying on destruction. Thus valuable national property is destroyed at national expense and salt taken out of the mouths of the people.
The salt monopoly is thus a fourfold curse. It deprives tire people of a valuable easy village industry, involves wanton destruction of property that nature produces in abundance, the destruction itself means more national expenditure, and fourthly, to crown this folly, an unheard of tax of more than 1,000 per cent is exacted from a. starving people.
This tax has remained so long because of the apathy of the general public. Now that it is sufficiently roused, the tax has to go. How soon it will be abolished depends upon tire strength the people.
Q. The attitude of the general public of India towards the salt tax was:
  • a)
    Submissive
  • b)
    Dissatisfaction
  • c)
    Apathy
  • d)
    Enthusiasm
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohit Sharma answered
  • The salt tax was a heavy burden on the Indian population, but it remained in place for a long time due to the general public's apathy.
  • Apathy refers to a lack of interest, concern, or enthusiasm.
  • Mahatma Gandhi's writing suggests that the public was not sufficiently engaged or aware of the negative impacts of the salt tax.
  • It was only when the public's awareness and concern increased that there was a push to abolish the tax.

Directions: Read the passage given below to answer the following questions.
What taluqdars thought
The attitude of the taluqdars was best expressed by Hanwant Singh, the Raja of Kalakankar, near Rae Bareli.
During the mutiny, Hanwant Singh had given shelter to a British officer and conveyed him to safety. While taking leave of the officer, Hanwant Singh told him. Sahib, your countrymen came into this country and drove out our King. You sent your officers round the districts to examine the titles to the estates. At one blow you took from me lands which from time immemorial had been in my family. I submitted. Suddenly misfortune fell upon you. The people of the land rose against you. You came to me whom you had despoiled. I have saved you. But now-now I march at the head of my retainers to Lucknow to try and drive you from the country.
Q. Hanwant Singh complained that :
  • a)
    The British officer beat him up
  • b)
    The officer barged into his house
  • c)
    The British drov e out his King
  • d)
    The police burnt his house
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Amita Das answered
Hanwant Singh complained that:
- The British drove out his King: Hanwant Singh expressed his dissatisfaction with the British presence in India by stating that they had come into the country and forcefully removed his King from power. This was one of the main reasons for his resentment towards the British officer and their rule in India.

It refers to a form of gov ernment where power is exercised by a group of men, often collectively called as rajas
  • a)
    Monarchy
  • b)
    Dictatorship
  • c)
    Democracy
  • d)
    Oligarchy
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Aditya Choudhary answered
Oligarchy is a form of government in which power is exercised by a group of men. This group, known as the oligarchs, are usually a small elite who possess wealth, social status, or some other form of influence. Oligarchies can exist within different types of political systems, such as monarchies, dictatorships, or even democracies.

The term "oligarchy" is derived from the Greek words "oligos," meaning "few," and "arkhein," meaning "to rule." In an oligarchy, the few individuals who hold power make decisions and govern the state on behalf of the entire population. They may come from wealthy families, hold positions of authority, or have control over important resources.

Here are some key points to understand about oligarchy:

1. Group of Men: Oligarchies are typically led by a small group of men who have significant influence and power. Women and other marginalized groups are often excluded from this ruling elite.

2. Collective Decision-making: Oligarchs make decisions collectively rather than individually. They may consult with each other or form committees or councils to discuss and decide on important matters.

3. Wealth and Influence: Oligarchs usually possess significant wealth, which gives them economic power and influence over political decisions. They may use their resources to gain political advantages or control important industries.

4. Limited Political Participation: In an oligarchy, political participation is often restricted to the ruling elite. The general population has limited or no say in the decision-making process, leading to a concentration of power in the hands of a few individuals.

5. Potential for Corruption: Due to their concentrated power, oligarchies are susceptible to corruption. Oligarchs may use their positions for personal gain, engage in nepotism, or favor their own interests over the welfare of the broader population.

It is important to note that oligarchies can coexist with other forms of government. For example, an oligarchy can exist within a monarchy, where a king or queen holds ultimate authority but delegates power to a small group of advisers. Similarly, an oligarchy can also emerge within a democracy, where a wealthy elite may exert disproportionate influence over the political process through campaign financing or lobbying efforts.

Overall, oligarchy is characterized by power being concentrated in the hands of a small group of men, who make decisions collectively and often prioritize their own interests over those of the general population.

Arrange the following events in chronological order :
(A) Santhals began to come to the Rajmahal hills
(B) Permanent Settlement in Bengal
(C) East India Company acquired Diwani of Bengal
(D) Regulating Act passed by tire British Parliament
(E) Ryots in Deccan villages rebel
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
  • a)
    (C), (D), (B), (A), (E)
  • b)
    (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
  • c)
    (C), (E), (A), (D), (B)
  • d)
    (C), (B), (E), (A), (D)
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Varun Chauhan answered
Chronological Order of Events:

(C) East India Company acquired Diwani of Bengal
(D) Regulating Act passed by the British Parliament
(B) Permanent Settlement in Bengal
(A) Santhals began to come to the Rajmahal hills
(E) Ryots in Deccan villages rebel

Explanation:
1. East India Company acquired Diwani of Bengal:
This event occurred in 1765 when the East India Company acquired the Diwani (right to collect revenue) of Bengal from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. This gave the company control over the revenue collection in Bengal.

2. Regulating Act passed by the British Parliament:
The Regulating Act was passed in 1773 by the British Parliament. This act was aimed at regulating the affairs of the East India Company in India and established the first system of government control over the company's activities.

3. Permanent Settlement in Bengal:
The Permanent Settlement, also known as the Zamindari System, was introduced in Bengal in 1793. Under this system, the revenue collection rights were given to a fixed group of landlords called zamindars. This was an attempt to stabilize the revenue collection and provide a fixed income to the company.

4. Santhals began to come to the Rajmahal hills:
The Santhals, an indigenous tribal group, began to migrate to the Rajmahal hills in the early 19th century. They were driven by various factors like displacement, poverty, and search for land and livelihood.

5. Ryots in Deccan villages rebel:
The ryots, or peasants, in Deccan villages rebelled against the oppressive revenue policies and exploitation by the British in the late 19th century. This rebellion, known as the Deccan Riots or Deccan Uprising, occurred in the 1870s and was a significant peasant movement against British colonial rule.

Chronological Order of Events:
(C) East India Company acquired Diwani of Bengal
(D) Regulating Act passed by the British Parliament
(B) Permanent Settlement in Bengal
(A) Santhals began to come to the Rajmahal hills
(E) Ryots in Deccan villages rebel

Consider the statements regarding identifying the figure of Proto-Shiva as represented on Harrappan seals.
A. It is shown in the form of Gajapati
B. It is surrounded by animals
C. It is seated in a yogic posture
D. It is shown with the female figure - Parvati
E. It is suggested by some scholars as a Shaman
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
  • a)
    A, B and C Only
  • b)
    B, C and D Only
  • c)
    B, C and E Only
  • d)
    C, D and E Only
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Anagha Pillai answered
The correct answer is option C: B, C and E only. Let's discuss each statement in detail:

A. It is shown in the form of Gajapati:
- A Gajapati is a figure or deity depicted as riding or surrounded by elephants.
- Although Proto-Shiva is often shown in anthropomorphic form, there is no specific evidence to suggest that the figure on Harappan seals is depicted as a Gajapati. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.

B. It is surrounded by animals:
- Many seals from the Harappan civilization depict a central figure surrounded by animals.
- These animals include bulls, tigers, elephants, and other creatures.
- The presence of these animals suggests a connection to the natural world and the symbolism associated with them.
- Therefore, this statement is correct.

C. It is seated in a yogic posture:
- The figure on Harappan seals is often depicted in a seated posture with crossed legs.
- This posture resembles the yogic posture known as Padmasana or lotus position.
- This suggests a connection to spiritual practices and possibly meditation.
- Therefore, this statement is correct.

D. It is shown with the female figure - Parvati:
- The figure on Harappan seals is primarily depicted as a male figure.
- There is no specific evidence to suggest that the female figure accompanying the figure is Parvati.
- Therefore, this statement is incorrect.

E. It is suggested by some scholars as a Shaman:
- Some scholars have proposed that the figure on Harappan seals represents a shaman or a spiritual practitioner with magical or ritualistic powers.
- The presence of animals, the yogic posture, and other elements support this interpretation.
- Therefore, this statement is correct.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option C: B, C, and E only. The figure on Harappan seals is surrounded by animals, seated in a yogic posture, and has been suggested by some scholars as a shaman.

Which of the following statements regarding mansabdari system of Mughals are true?
A. It was the military-cum -bureaucratic apparatus of the Mughal administration
B. The mansabdars were paid in cash or in jagirs
C. Two numerical designations were given to mansabs - zat and swar
D. The mansabdars of 1,000 Zat were ranked as 'Mir Baksti'.
E. The mansabdars were also called as chaudhari and qazi
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (
  • a)
    B, C and D
  • b)
    C, D and E
  • c)
    A, C and E
  • d)
    A, B and C
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Sharma answered
All holders of government offices held ranks (mansabs) comprising two numerical designations: zat which was an indicator of position in the imperial hierarchy and the salary of the official (mansabdar), and sawar which indicated the number of horsemen he was required to maintain in service. In the seventeenth century, mansabdars of 1,000 zat or above ranked as nobles (umara, which is the plural of amir ).

Consider the settlements related to the Santhal Rebellion. Which one is not true.
  • a)
    The rebellion took place in 1850-51
  • b)
    The state was lev ying heav y taxes on land
  • c)
    Money lenders were charging high interest rates
  • d)
    Zamindars were asserting control ov er Damin-iKoh
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Anand Mukherjee answered


Explanation:

Santhal Rebellion:

The Santhal Rebellion took place in 1855-56, not in 1850-51 as mentioned in option a. The rebellion was led by the Santhal tribe in present-day Jharkhand, Bihar, and West Bengal.

Reasons for the Rebellion:

- The state was indeed levying heavy taxes on land, making it difficult for the Santhals to make a living.
- Money lenders were charging high interest rates, trapping the Santhals in a cycle of debt.
- Zamindars were asserting control over Damin-i-Koh, the ancestral land of the Santhals, causing discontent among the tribe members.

Outcome of the Rebellion:

The Santhal Rebellion was eventually suppressed by the British colonial authorities, leading to the displacement and suffering of many Santhals. The rebellion highlighted the injustices faced by indigenous tribes in colonial India and paved the way for future movements for tribal rights and autonomy.

In conclusion, while options b, c, and d are accurate in describing the conditions that led to the Santhal Rebellion, option a is incorrect as the rebellion actually took place in 1855-56.

According to the East India Company's Sunset law:
  • a)
    Nobody should venture outside his house af ter the sunset
  • b)
    If payment did not come in by sunset of the specific date, the Zamindari was liable to be auctioned
  • c)
    After the sunset, hunting of wild animals was prohibited
  • d)
    No trading activity was allowed after the sunset.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Akshat Sen answered
The East India Company's Sunset Law
The East India Company's Sunset Law stated that if payment did not come in by sunset of the specific date, the Zamindari was liable to be auctioned.

Explanation:
- The Sunset Law was a regulation put in place by the East India Company to ensure timely payment of dues by Zamindars, who were landowners in India.
- If a Zamindar failed to make the required payment by the specified sunset deadline, their Zamindari (landholding) would be subject to auction by the company.
- This law was a means for the East India Company to enforce financial discipline and ensure that revenue collection was carried out efficiently.
- By threatening to auction off the Zamindari, the company aimed to compel Zamindars to meet their payment obligations promptly.
- Failure to adhere to the Sunset Law could result in significant financial consequences for the Zamindar, including loss of ownership of their landholding.
In conclusion, the East India Company's Sunset Law was a mechanism to enforce timely payment of dues from Zamindars by threatening to auction off their landholding if payments were not made by the specified sunset deadline.

Ahom kings belonged to;
  • a)
    Orissa
  • b)
    Assam
  • c)
    Kashmir
  • d)
    Gujrat
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Prashanth Das answered
Ahom kings belonged to Assam.

The Ahom kingdom was a medieval kingdom that ruled over the region of Assam in Northeast India. The Ahoms were of Tai-Ahom ethnic origin and their kingdom was established in the 13th century.

Ahom Kingdom in Assam
The Ahom kingdom was founded by Sukaphaa, who migrated from Mong Mao (present-day Yunnan province in China) and established his rule in the region of Assam. The kingdom reached its peak during the reign of Rudra Singha in the 17th century.

Distinct Ahom Culture
The Ahom kings played a significant role in shaping the culture and history of Assam. They adopted the local language, Assamese, as the official language of the kingdom. They also assimilated various aspects of Assamese culture, including religion, literature, and art. The Ahom kings patronized the growth of literature and art and many notable works were produced during their reign.

Administrative System
The Ahom kingdom had a well-organized administrative system. The king was the supreme authority and held the title of "Chaopha" or "Swargadeo." The kingdom was divided into administrative units called "sakals" and "paragana." Each unit was headed by a nobleman known as "Borpatrogohain" or "Burhagohain." The kingdom also had ministers, officials, and bureaucrats who assisted in the governance of the kingdom.

Ahom Military and Warfare
The Ahom kings were known for their military prowess. They maintained a strong army and successfully defended their kingdom against various invasions. The kingdom had a unique military system with soldiers organized into various units such as "Barphukan," "Borgohain," and "Borpatra Gohain." The Ahom kings also had a strong navy that played a crucial role in protecting their kingdom from any maritime threats.

Decline of the Ahom Kingdom
The Ahom kingdom faced several challenges in the 18th century, including invasions from the Mughals and Burmese. Internal conflicts and political instability also contributed to the decline of the kingdom. Finally, the Burmese captured the capital city of Rangpur in 1817, leading to the downfall of the Ahom dynasty.

Legacy of the Ahom Kings
Despite the decline of the kingdom, the Ahom kings left a lasting impact on the history and culture of Assam. The Ahom dynasty ruled over Assam for almost 600 years, and their contributions can be seen in various aspects of Assamese society. The Ahom kings are remembered for their patronage of literature, art, and architecture, and their legacy continues to be celebrated in Assam today.

In conclusion, the Ahom kings belonged to Assam and their kingdom played a significant role in shaping the history and culture of the region.

Directions: Please read the passage and answer the questions that follows.
Some of the earliest bhakti movements (c. sixth century) were led by the Alvars (literally, those who are "immersed" in devotion to Vishnu) and Nayanars (literally, leaders who were devotees of Shiva). They travelled from place to place singing hymns in Tamil in praise of their gods. Dining their travels, the Alvars and Nayanars identified certain shrines as abodes of their chosen deities. Very often large temples were later built
at these sacred places. These developed as centers of pilgrimage. Singing compositions of these poet-saints became part of temple rituals in these shrines, as did worship of the saints' images. Some historians suggest that the Alvars and Nayanars initiated a movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas or at least attempted to reform the system.
To some extent, this is corroborated by the fact that bhaktas hailed from diverse social backgrounds ranging from Brahmanas to artisans and cultivators and even from castes considered "untouchable".
Q. Find the common link in each group and fill in the blank accordingly _______ : Nalayira Divya prabandham:
  • a)
    Brahmanas. Vedas
  • b)
    Nayanars, Rig veda
  • c)
    Alv ars, Tamil Veda
  • d)
    Alv ars, Nayanars
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Aryan Chavan answered
Understanding the Connection
The question asks for the common link between "Nalayira Divya Prabandham" and the groups listed in the options. The correct answer is option 'C': "Alvars, Tamil Veda". Here’s why:
The Alvars and Nalayira Divya Prabandham
- The Alvars were poet-saints devoted to Lord Vishnu, and they played a significant role in the bhakti movement, particularly in Tamil Nadu.
- The Nalayira Divya Prabandham is a collection of 4,000 Tamil hymns composed by the Alvars, expressing their deep devotion to Vishnu.
Significance of Tamil Literature
- The hymns of the Alvars are notable for being written in Tamil, a language that was accessible to the common people, contrasting with the Sanskrit texts of the Brahmanas.
- This body of work is considered a crucial part of Tamil literature and spirituality, hence it is often referred to as a "Tamil Veda".
Rejection of Caste Norms
- The Alvars came from diverse backgrounds including those considered "untouchable", reflecting their challenge to the rigid caste system prevalent during their time.
- Their works facilitated a more inclusive form of spirituality, allowing for a direct connection between the devotee and the divine, without intermediaries like Brahmin priests.
In conclusion, the connection between "Nalayira Divya Prabandham" and the Alvars emphasizes the importance of Tamil culture in the bhakti movement, making option 'C' the most accurate choice.

Directions: Please read the passage and answer the questions that follows.
Some of the earliest bhakti movements (c. sixth century) were led by the Alvars (literally, those who are "immersed" in devotion to Vishnu) and Nayanars (literally, leaders who were devotees of Shiva). They travelled from place to place singing hymns in Tamil in praise of their gods. Dining their travels, the Alvars and Nayanars identified certain shrines as abodes of their chosen deities. Very often large temples were later built
at these sacred places. These developed as centers of pilgrimage. Singing compositions of these poet-saints became part of temple rituals in these shrines, as did worship of the saints' images. Some historians suggest that the Alvars and Nayanars initiated a movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas or at least attempted to reform the system.
To some extent, this is corroborated by the fact that bhaktas hailed from diverse social backgrounds ranging from Brahmanas to artisans and cultivators and even from castes considered "untouchable".
Q. Which of the following was not a part of Alvars?
  • a)
    Fakir
  • b)
    Brahman
  • c)
    Women
  • d)
    Farmers
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
The passage states that the Alvars were immersed in devotion to Vishnu and were part of the bhakti movements. It also mentions that bhaktas, including the Alvars, came from diverse social backgrounds such as Brahmanas, artisans, cultivators, and even castes considered "untouchable". However, there is no mention of Fakirs as part of the Alvars.
Social backgrounds of Alvars:
  • Brahmanas
  • Artisans
  • Cultivators
  • Castes considered "untouchable"
Not part of Alvars:
  • Fakir

Choose the correct sequence of the arrival of foreign travelers to medieval India.
A. Marco Polo
B. Ibn Battuta
C. Duarte Barbosa
D. Al-Biruni
E. Francois Bernier
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • a)
    A, D, B, C, E
  • b)
    D, A, B, C, E
  • c)
    A, B, D, E, C
  • d)
    D, A, C, E, B
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Debolina Ahuja answered
The correct sequence of the arrival of foreign travelers to medieval India is as follows:

1. Al-Biruni: Al-Biruni, an Islamic scholar and polymath, was one of the earliest foreign travelers to visit medieval India. He arrived in India in the 11th century, during the reign of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. Al-Biruni's extensive knowledge of Indian culture, religion, and philosophy is documented in his famous work "Kitab al-Hind," which provides valuable insights into medieval Indian society.

2. Ibn Battuta: Ibn Battuta, an Arab explorer, arrived in India in the 14th century. His journey to India was part of his extensive travels across the Islamic world. Ibn Battuta's detailed accounts of his experiences in India are recorded in his travelogue "Rihla." He visited various regions in India, including Delhi, Gujarat, and the Malabar Coast, and described the political, social, and cultural aspects of medieval Indian society.

3. Duarte Barbosa: Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese explorer and writer, arrived in India in the early 16th century. He traveled as part of the Portuguese expedition led by Vasco da Gama. Barbosa's observations of India are documented in his work "Livro de Duarte Barbosa," which provides valuable information about the trade, geography, and customs of medieval India.

4. Marco Polo: Marco Polo, an Italian merchant traveler, visited India during the late 13th century. His travels to India were part of his extensive journey across Asia. Marco Polo's observations of India are recorded in his famous book "The Travels of Marco Polo." Although some historians debate the accuracy of his accounts, Polo's descriptions of Indian cities, trade, and society provide valuable insights into medieval India.

5. Francois Bernier: Francois Bernier, a French physician and traveler, arrived in India during the 17th century. He visited various regions, including Delhi, Agra, and Kashmir, during the reign of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Bernier's observations of Mughal India are documented in his book "Travels in the Mogul Empire," which provides valuable insights into the political, cultural, and social aspects of medieval India under Mughal rule.

In summary, the correct sequence of the arrival of foreign travelers to medieval India is D, A, B, C, E. Al-Biruni was the earliest traveler, followed by Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, Duarte Barbosa, and Francois Bernier.

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