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Which of the following engulfs pathogens rapidly?
  • a)
    Basophils
  • b)
    Acidophils
  • c)
    Monocytes
  • d)
    Neutrophils
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Vijay Bansal answered
Neutrophils are the type of WBCs which can engulf the pathogen rapidly. Neutrophils are more in number i.e. upto 60% of Total Leukocyte Count. They immediately engulf bacteria and viruses to destroy them by phagocytosis.

 Which of the following is a non-granulocyte?
  • a)
    Neutrophils
  • b)
    Monocytes
  • c)
    Basophils
  • d)
    Eosinophils
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Non-Granulocytes in Blood

Blood cells are divided into two groups: granulocytes and agranulocytes. Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes, on the other hand, lack granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes.

Non-Granulocyte

A non-granulocyte is simply an agranulocyte or a leukocyte that lacks granules in its cytoplasm. Monocytes are non-granulocytes and belong to the agranulocyte group of leukocytes.

Monocytes

Monocytes are the largest leukocytes in the blood, accounting for 2-8% of all leukocytes. They have a large kidney-shaped nucleus and are characterized by their ability to differentiate into macrophages, which are cells that engulf and digest foreign particles, dead cells, and cellular debris in the body.

Functions of Monocytes

Monocytes have several functions in the body, including:

1. Phagocytosis: Monocytes, when differentiated into macrophages, are capable of phagocytosis, which is the process of engulfing and digesting foreign particles, dead cells, and cellular debris in the body.

2. Antigen presentation: Monocytes play a crucial role in the immune response by presenting antigens to T cells, which are responsible for activating the immune response.

3. Cytokine production: Monocytes produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that regulate the immune response.

Conclusion

In conclusion, monocytes are non-granulocytes and belong to the agranulocyte group of leukocytes. They are characterized by their ability to differentiate into macrophages, which are cells that engulf and digest foreign particles, dead cells, and cellular debris in the body. Monocytes also play a crucial role in the immune response by presenting antigens to T cells and producing cytokines.

Blood circulation take following course in heart of man :-
  • a)
    Left auricle - left ventricle - body - right auricle -right ventricle
  • b)
    Right auricle - left ventricle
  • c)
    Left auricle - left ventricle - lungs-right auricle -right ventricle
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Ananya Das answered
The blood pumped by the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery, whereas the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta. The deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is passed onto the lungs from where the oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. This pathway constitutes the pulmonary circulation. The oxygenated blood entering the aorta is carried by a network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries to the tissues from where the deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava and emptied into the right atrium. This is the systemic circulation. The systemic circulation provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and takes CO2 and other harmful substances away for elimination.
So, the correct answer is option A.

The blood during diastole :-
  • a)
    Leaves the heart
  • b)
    Enters the heart
  • c)
    Enters lungs
  • d)
    Leaves the ventricles
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajeev Saxena answered
Diastole This should really be called “ventricular diastole”, but don't worry about this for GCSE. During diastole the thick muscular walls of the ventricles relax. Again, this happens to both sides of the heart. The pressure of the blood in the ventricles falls low enough for the bicuspid valve to open.

The specialised patch of modified heart muscles from where contraction initiates, is/are :
  • a)
    Pacesetter of heart
  • b)
    both SAN and AVN together
  • c)
    Pacemaker of heart
  • d)
    none of these
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Gaurav Kumar answered
  • The nodal musculature has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli.
  • The number of action potentials that could be generated in a minute varies at different parts of the nodal system.
  • The SAN can generate the maximum number of action potentials and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart.
  • Therefore, it is called the pacemaker.

Which one of the following is correct?
  • a)
    Plasma = Blood − Lymphocytes
  • b)
    Neuron = Cyton + Dendron + Axon + Synapse
  • c)
    Lymph = Plasma + WBCs + RBCs
  • d)
    Blood = Plasma + RBCs + WBCs + Platelets
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajat Kapoor answered
It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions, including: transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.

 In human beings, the duration of the cardiac cycle is
  • a)
    8.0 second
  • b)
    0.5 second
  • c)
    0.8 second
  • d)
    0.08 second
Correct answer is 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohan Singh answered
Cardiac cycle a complex process which involves a sequence of activities and that too within 0.8 sec. The cardiac cycle consists of a systole and a diastole. The cardiac cycle begins with a joint diastole (relaxation of all four chambers of the heart).

The maximum surface area of the circulatory system is seen in
  • a)
    Heart
  • b)
    Capillaries
  • c)
    Arterioles
  • d)
    Veins
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Raghav Bansal answered
An adult human has been estimated to have some 60,000 miles (96,560 km) of capillaries with a total surface area of some 8001000 m2. The total volume of this system is roughly 5 liters, the same as the total volume of blood.

 Antigens are present
  • a)
    Inside the cytoplasm
  • b)
    Inside the nucleus
  • c)
    On the nuclear membrane
  • d)
    On the cell surface
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ayush Joshi answered
Cell markers, also known as cell surface antigens, serve as monograms to help identify and classify cells. The majority of them are molecules or antigens within cell's plasma membrane. Unique to different cell types, there exist specific combinations of markers or antigens.

Blood enters the heart because muscles of the
  • a)
    Ventricles contract
  • b)
    Ventricles relax
  • c)
    Atria contract
  • d)
    Atria relax
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Geetika Shah answered
Atrial diastole is characterized by the relaxation of the atrial muscles. During this stage, the blood enters into the atria, as the volume of the blood in the atria increases the pressure within it decreases.
So, the correct answer is option D.

In the systemic circulation, blood vessel that carries blood from the intestine to liver is named :
  • a)
    Hepatic portal arch
  • b)
    none of these
  • c)
    Hepatic portal artery
  • d)
    Hepatic portal vein
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Naina Bansal answered
Lienal vein is an old term for splenic vein. The portal vein or hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver. This blood contains nutrients and toxins extracted from digested contents.

The course of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called
  • a)
    Systemic circulation
  • b)
    Double circulation
  • c)
    Pulmonary circulation
  • d)
    Single circulation
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Vipe Saga answered
The blood circulation from heart to lungs and back to heart is pulmonary circulation and the circulation between heart to tissue and back to heart is systematic circulation and both are included in double circulation.

What would be the cardiac output of a person having 72 heart beats per minute and a stroke volume of 50 ml?
  • a)
    360 ml
  • b)
    7200 ml
  • c)
    5000 ml
  • d)
    3600 ml
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajat Kapoor answered
 (d) Cardiac Output (i) The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is called the cardiac output. It is 500 mL or 5 liters in a healthy individual. It is determined by multiplying the heart rate with the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during each beat, which is called as stroke volume. Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume = 72 beats/min x 0.08 litre/beat = 5.5 litre/min (iii) Cardiac index is the minute volume per sq. m. of body surface area. Its normal value is 3.3 lit/min/sq.m. 

Heart of Man is :-
  • a)
    Myogenic
  • b)
    Neurogenic
  • c)
    Cardiogenic
  • d)
    Digenic
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rocky Handsome answered
The muscles of the human heart are stimulated to contract by nerve impulses generated by the Sino Atrial(SA) node. It is a cluster of cells which are part of the heart muscle.

•Hence the human heart is myogenic.

Rate of heart beat is under the control of :-
  • a)
    Autonomic nervous system
  • b)
    Vagus nerve
  • c)
    Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

M. Vishnu answered
Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic(involuntary) nervous system. Thesympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones (catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate the heart rate.

Coronary heart disease is due to
  • a)
    Insufficient blood supply to the heart muscles
  • b)
    Weakening of the heart valves
  • c)
    Inflammation of pericardium
  • d)
    Streptococci bacteria
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohit Shah answered
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis. The buildup of plaque occurs over many years.

Another term for heart attack is
  • a)
    Coronary thrombosis
  • b)
    Myocardial infarction
  • c)
    Cardiac arrest
  • d)
    Ischaemia
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Jyoti Kapoor answered
Other terms used for a heart attack include myocardial infarction, cardiac infarction, and coronary thrombosis. An infarction is when the blood supply to an area is cut off, and the tissue in that area dies.

Blood plasma proteins :
i. decrease in their level causes excessive absorption of water from tissues into blood.
ii. they maintain osmotic pressure.
  • a)
    both are correct.
  • b)
    both are wrong
  • c)
    Statement i) is wrong and ii) is correct.
  • d)
    Statement i) is correct and ii) is wrong
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ishaan Menon answered
Let's analyze the statements about blood plasma proteins:
Statement i: "Decrease in their level causes excessive absorption of water from tissues into blood."
  • This statement is incorrect. A decrease in the level of blood plasma proteins would actually result in a decrease in osmotic pressure, leading to less water being drawn from tissues into the blood. Instead, it would cause water to accumulate in the tissues, leading to edema.
Statement ii: "They maintain osmotic pressure."
  • This statement is correct. Blood plasma proteins, especially albumin, play a crucial role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood.
Therefore, the correct option is:
      3. Statement i) is wrong and ii) is correct.

Blood pressure is expressed as the ratio of systolic over diastolic pressure. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure. What will be its value for a normal healthy adult?
  • a)
    40 mm Hg
  • b)
    30 mm Hg
  • c)
    70 mm Hg
  • d)
    50 mm Hg
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Tejas Chavan answered
Blood pressure is represented as the ratio of systolic over diastolic pressure. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure. The value of normal healthy pulse pressure is 40 mm Hg.

The mass of tissue seen in the left corner of the right atrium close to the atri-ventricular septum is
  • a)
    Purkinje fibres
  • b)
    Bundle of His
  • c)
    AVN
  • d)
    SAN
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

The mass of tissue seen in the lower left corner of the right atrium close to the atrio-ventricular septum called the atrio-ventricular node (AVN).

Which structure separates the right and left atria of the heart?
  • a)
    Interventricular septum
  • b)
    Interatrial septum
  • c)
    Atrio-ventricular septum
  • d)
    Pericardium
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anisha Dey answered
Interatrial Septum
The structure that separates the right and left atria of the heart is called the interatrial septum. This septum is a wall of tissue that divides the upper chambers of the heart, allowing for the separation of deoxygenated blood (in the right atrium) from oxygenated blood (in the left atrium).

Function
- The interatrial septum plays a crucial role in preventing the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in the heart.
- It ensures that blood flows in a unidirectional manner through the heart, allowing for proper circulation throughout the body.

Composition
- The interatrial septum is made up of various structures including the septum primum, septum secundum, and the foramen ovale (which is a hole present in fetal hearts that allows blood to bypass the lungs).

Development
- During fetal development, the interatrial septum undergoes changes to allow for the proper functioning of the heart after birth. The closure of the foramen ovale is one such crucial step in the development of the interatrial septum.

Clinical Relevance
- Certain congenital heart defects, such as atrial septal defects (ASDs), can occur when there is an abnormal opening in the interatrial septum. This can lead to mixing of blood between the atria and affect heart function.
In summary, the interatrial septum is an important anatomical structure in the heart that ensures proper circulation of blood by separating the right and left atria.

Assertion (A): Coronary artery disease is primarily caused by a buildup of calcium, fat, cholesterol, and fibrous tissues in the arteries.
Reason (R): This accumulation leads to the narrowing of the arterial lumen, which reduces blood flow to the heart muscle.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • c)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Bs Academy answered
 
  • Assertion Analysis: The assertion is true as coronary artery disease (CAD) is indeed caused by the buildup of substances such as calcium, fat, and cholesterol in the arterial walls.
  • Reason Analysis: The reason is also true because the described accumulation does lead to the narrowing of the arteries, which is a key characteristic of CAD.
  • Explanation Relation: The reason directly explains the assertion as it describes the process through which CAD occurs. Thus, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason accurately explains the assertion.
 
Topic in NCERT: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Line in NCERT: "Coronary Artery Disease, often referred to as atherosclerosis, affects the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle. It is caused by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues, which makes the lumen of arteries narrower."

In ECG, P-R interval corresponds to
  • a)
    time delay in A-V node
  • b)
    S-A nodal conduction time
  • c)
    increased ventricular contraction
  • d)
    time interval between onset of ventricular contraction
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Vivek Patel answered
  • Each peak in the ECG is identified with a letter from P to T that corresponds to a specific electrical activity of the heart.
  • The P- wave represents the electrical excitation or depolarization of the atria.
  • The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles which initiates the ventricular contraction.
  • The contraction starts shortly after Q and marks the beginning of the systole.
  • The T- wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited to a normal state or repolarization.
  • The end of the T-wave marks the end of systole.
So, the correct option is 'Time delay in A-V node'.

The problem of electrical discontinuity caused in the normal heart by the connective tissue separating the atria from the ventricles is solved by?
  • a)
    Having the A-V node function as a secondary pacemaker 
  • b)
    Coordinating electrical activity in the atria with electrical activity in the ventricles by connecting them via the bundle of His
  • c)
    Having an ectopic pacemaker
  • d)
    Coordinating electrical activity in the atria with electrical activity in the ventricles by connecting them via the vagus nerve
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sanaya Mishra answered
Solution:

The connective tissue separating the atria from the ventricles is called the atrioventricular (AV) node. This node acts as an electrical insulator and prevents electrical signals from directly passing between the atria and ventricles. This separation is necessary for the normal functioning of the heart, as it allows the atria to contract first, pumping blood into the ventricles before they contract and pump blood out of the heart.

To overcome this electrical discontinuity, the heart has a specialized conducting system that connects the atria and ventricles and coordinates their electrical activity. This system starts with the sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium, which acts as the primary pacemaker of the heart. The electrical signals generated by the SA node spread through the atria, causing them to contract.

The electrical signals then pass through the AV node, which slows down the conduction of the signal, allowing the ventricles time to fill with blood. After a brief delay, the electrical signals pass through the bundle of His, a specialized bundle of fibers that divides into the left and right bundle branches, which then spread through the ventricles and cause them to contract.

Coordinating electrical activity in the atria with electrical activity in the ventricles by connecting them via the bundle of His:

The bundle of His is a specialized group of cells that conducts electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. It is an essential part of the heart's electrical conduction system and helps coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles. The bundle of His is located in the interventricular septum and divides into the left and right bundle branches, which then spread through the ventricles and cause them to contract. By connecting the electrical activity in the atria with the electrical activity in the ventricles via the bundle of His, the electrical discontinuity caused by the connective tissue separating the atria from the ventricles is solved.

The heart sound "DUP" is Produced when :-
  • a)
    Mitral valve opens
  • b)
    Mitral valve closes
  • c)
    Semilunar valve at the base of aorta closes  
  • d)
    Tricuspid valve opens
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Pankaj Singh answered
The heart sound ‘’DUP’’ is produced when a semilunar valve at the base of aorta classes.
Two distinct sounds can be heard during a heart beat with the help of a stethoscope. These are 'lubb' and 'dup'.Lubb is the first sound which has a low pitch and produced by the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves (collectively called atrioventricular valves) at the beginning of ventricular systole.
Dup is the second sound which is sharp and has a high pitch. It is produced by closure of semilunar valves by the end of ventricular systole.

In which organisms is an open circulatory system typically found?
  • a)
    Arthropods and molluscs
  • b)
    Vertebrates
  • c)
    Annelids and chordates
  • d)
    Fishes and amphibians
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Lead Academy answered
An open circulatory system is commonly found in arthropods and molluscs. In this system, the blood pumped by the heart flows through large vessels into open spaces or body cavities called sinuses. This system contrasts with closed circulatory systems found in annelids and chordates, where blood is circulated through a closed network of blood vessels. The open circulatory system allows for the flow of fluid to be less precisely regulated compared to closed systems.
Topic in NCERT: CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
Line in NCERT: "Open circulatory system is present in arthropods and molluscs in which blood pumped by the heart passes through large vessels into open spaces or body cavities called sinuses."

What is the primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD)?
  • a)
    Excessive contraction of the heart muscle
  • b)
    Infections in the heart muscle
  • c)
    Deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol, and fibrous tissues in the arteries
  • d)
    Overproduction of adrenal medullary hormones affecting the heart
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ciel Knowledge answered
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is primarily caused by the buildup of deposits such as calcium, fat, cholesterol, and fibrous tissues within the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. This buildup leads to the narrowing of the arterial lumen, which can restrict blood flow and increase the risk of heart attack and other cardiac complications. This process is often referred to as atherosclerosis and is the leading cause of CAD.

What potential health issue can arise from a significant reduction in platelet count?
  • a)
    Increased risk of infections
  • b)
    Enhanced ability to clot blood
  • c)
    Excessive blood loss due to clotting disorders
  • d)
    Improved oxygen transport to tissues
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Lead Academy answered
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are crucial for blood clotting. A significant reduction in their number can lead to clotting disorders, making it difficult for the body to stop bleeding. This can result in excessive blood loss from minor injuries or in surgical situations, posing serious health risks.

 

In which of the following situations, there is a risk factorfor children acquiring erythroblastosis foetalis?
  • a)
    Mother is Rh -ve and father is Rh -ve
  • b)
    Mother is Rh -ve and father is Rh +ve
  • c)
    Mother is Rh +ve and father is Rh +ve
  • d)
    Mother is Rh +ve and father is Rh -ve
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Hansa Sharma answered
During first pregnancy, Rh antigens of the foetus do not get exposed to the Rh -ve blood of the mother as the two bloods are well separated by placenta. However, at the time of delivery, there are chances of exposure of the maternal blood to small amounts of Rh +ve blood of the foetus. Thus mother's body starts preparing antibodies against Rh antigens in her blood. In case of subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antbodies from the mother can leak into the blood of the Rh +ve foetus and destroy the foetal RBCS This could be fatal for the foetus or could cause severe anaemia and jaundice. This condition is called erythroblastosis foetalis.

During ventricular systole:
  • a)
    Oxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and deoxygenated blood is pumped into the artery
  • b)
    Oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta and deoxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary vein
  • c)
    Oxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary vein and deoxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery
  • d)
    Oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta and deoxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ananya Das answered
Due to contraction of the ventricles (ventricular systole), the pressure inside the ventricles rises, that force open the semilunar valves of aorta and pulmonary artery so that the blood enters into these vessels. Oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta from the left ventricle while deoxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle.

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