All questions of Popular Movements/Events In India for UPSC CSE Exam

The main limitation of the land ceiling laws in India was that they were not implemented effectively. These laws were enacted to address the issue of unequal land distribution and to prevent the concentration of land ownership in the hands of a few individuals. However, their implementation fell short of achieving their intended goals due to various reasons.

Lack of political will and bureaucratic inefficiency:

- The implementation of land ceiling laws required strong political will and efficient administrative machinery. However, in many cases, the political leadership lacked the determination to enforce these laws effectively. Bureaucratic inefficiency further hindered the implementation process, leading to delays and loopholes that allowed individuals to circumvent the land ceiling limits.

Corruption and loopholes:

- Corruption played a significant role in undermining the effectiveness of land ceiling laws. Powerful individuals often used their influence and resources to manipulate the system and acquire land beyond the prescribed limits. Additionally, loopholes in the laws allowed for the transfer of excess land to family members or through other means, effectively bypassing the land ceiling restrictions.

Lack of monitoring and enforcement:

- The lack of proper monitoring and enforcement mechanisms further contributed to the failure of land ceiling laws. Many states did not establish dedicated agencies or bodies to oversee the implementation process. As a result, landowners were able to evade detection and continue holding land in excess of the prescribed limits.

Limited impact on land redistribution:

- Despite the enactment of land ceiling laws, the actual redistribution of land to landless farmers or marginalized communities remained limited. The implementation failures meant that the intended beneficiaries did not receive the land they were entitled to. Moreover, the focus on land ceilings often overshadowed the need for comprehensive agrarian reforms that would address issues of tenancy, access to credit, and agricultural productivity.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the main limitation of the land ceiling laws in India was their ineffective implementation. This was due to a combination of factors, including the lack of political will, bureaucratic inefficiency, corruption, loopholes, and inadequate monitoring and enforcement mechanisms. As a result, these laws failed to achieve their intended purpose of promoting equitable land distribution and reducing land concentration.

National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)

The correct answer is option 'B', the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It was formed in 1965 under the leadership of Varghese Kurien, a renowned social entrepreneur and the father of the White Revolution in India.

Background
Before the establishment of the NDDB, India faced several challenges in the dairy sector. Lack of modern infrastructure, limited access to credit, and exploitation of farmers by middlemen were prevalent issues. Varghese Kurien recognized the potential of the cooperative model in transforming the dairy industry and sought to replicate the success of the Anand model in other parts of India.

Role and Objectives
The NDDB was set up with the aim of promoting, planning, and organizing dairy development in the country. Its key objectives include:

1. Enhancing milk production and productivity: The NDDB focuses on increasing milk production through various initiatives, such as breed improvement, animal healthcare, and nutrition management.

2. Strengthening cooperative institutions: The board works towards organizing and supporting dairy cooperatives across the country. It provides technical assistance, training, and financial support to these cooperative societies.

3. Promoting dairy processing and marketing: The NDDB plays a crucial role in establishing dairy processing plants and facilitating market linkages for milk producers. It ensures fair and remunerative prices for farmers by eliminating middlemen and facilitating direct procurement by cooperatives.

4. Research and development: The NDDB conducts research and development activities to improve dairy farming practices, enhance milk quality, and develop innovative dairy products. It also collaborates with national and international research institutes to gain expertise and leverage technological advancements.

Impact and Achievements
Under the leadership of Varghese Kurien, the NDDB revolutionized the dairy sector in India. The cooperative model implemented by the board empowered small-scale dairy farmers and ensured their fair share of the profits. Key achievements of the NDDB include:

1. Operation Flood: The NDDB spearheaded the Operation Flood program, which transformed India from a milk-deficient nation to the world's largest milk producer. This program involved the establishment of dairy cooperatives, creation of milk collection and processing infrastructure, and implementation of innovative marketing strategies.

2. Formation of Amul: The NDDB played a pivotal role in the formation and success of Amul, one of India's most renowned dairy brands. It supported the cooperative movement in Anand, Gujarat, which led to the creation of the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) and the popularization of the Amul brand.

3. Replication of the cooperative model: The NDDB successfully replicated the Anand model in other parts of India, leading to the establishment of numerous dairy cooperatives across the country. This resulted in increased milk production, improved livelihoods of farmers, and reduced dependence on imports.

In conclusion, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was formed in 1965 under the leadership of Varghese Kurien to replicate the success of cooperatives in other parts of India. The board played a pivotal role in transforming the dairy sector through its focus on increasing milk production, strengthening cooperative institutions, promoting dairy processing and marketing, and conducting research and development activities. The NDDB's impact and achievements, including the Operation Flood program and the formation of Amul, have revolutionized the dairy industry in India.

In 1955, the Kaira Union achieved a major breakthrough by producing milk products from buffalo milk, which was a first in the world.

Varghese Kurien served as the Chief Executive of the Kaira Union from 1950 to 1973.

The primary objective of the Kaira Union was to provide proper marketing facilities for milk producers in the district.

The factory established in 1960 for cheese and baby food production aimed to deal with the problem of greater milk yields in winter not finding an adequate market.

Milk Cooperative Societies played a significant role in the success of the dairy industry in India. These cooperatives, associated with the White Revolution, contributed to increased milk production, processing, and distribution, benefiting farmers and consumers alike.

The National Development Council and the All India Congress Committee (AICC) proposed a 25-35% increase in agricultural production in India. They set targets for major institutional changes in agriculture, including cooperativization, to achieve this goal.

The main focus of the White Revolution in India was dairy production and cooperatives. It aimed to transform the dairy industry by promoting milk cooperatives and increasing milk production and distribution.

The Bhoodan Movement, led by Vinoba Bhave, aimed at the donation of land by landlords to the landless and the land poor. It sought to achieve land redistribution and social justice through voluntary land donations.

The objective of the Gramdan Movement in India was to persuade landowners to donate land for joint cultivation and egalitarian redistribution within the village. It aimed to achieve social and economic equality through collective ownership of land.

The protection of the Silent Valley forest in Kerala was achieved through the Chipko Movement.

The main objective of the land ceiling laws in India was to make land distribution more equitable. These laws aimed to fix a maximum limit on the amount of land that an individual or family could own, with the surplus land being redistributed to small farmers and landless laborers.

The primary objective of the Sarvodaya movement led by Vinoba Bhave was to bring about a social order based on equality of opportunities. Vinoba Bhave aimed to achieve this by advocating for land redistribution and the donation of land by landlords to the landless and marginalized farmers.

The main objective of the National Fish workers Forum (NFF) was to protect the interests and livelihood of fishermen.

The main aim of the NDDB when it was established was to strengthen farmer's cooperatives and transform dairying into a tool for the development of rural India.

Some cooperatives in India were formed primarily to evade land reforms. These were often referred to as "bogus cooperatives" and were created by influential families to access incentives offered by the state while not genuinely benefiting landless or marginalized groups.

In 1955, the Kaira Union introduced the name 'Anand Milk Union Limited (Amul)' for marketing their products.

"Operation Flood" led to a significant increase in milk production in India, with a growth rate of more than 4%.

The Kumarappa Committee made comprehensive recommendations covering all issues of land reforms in India. It conducted a detailed survey of agrarian relations in the country and recommended measures to eliminate intermediaries, prohibit subletting of land, and impose ceilings on landholdings, among other reforms.