The main difference between series and parallel circuit is that in circuit all components are connected in series so that they all share the same current whereas in parallel circuit components are connected in parallel so that all have the same potential difference between them.

Resistors in Series
- Definition: Resistors are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current to flow.
- Total Resistance: The total resistance (R_total) is the sum of all individual resistances:
- R_total = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...
- Current Flow: The same current flows through each resistor, as there is only one path:
- I_total = I1 = I2 = I3 = ...
- Voltage Drop: The voltage across each resistor is different and can be calculated using Ohm's Law (V = IR):
- V_total = V1 + V2 + V3 + ...
Resistors in Parallel
- Definition: Resistors are connected across the same two points, creating multiple paths for current to flow.
- Total Resistance: The total resistance (R_total) can be found using the formula:
- 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ...
- Current Flow: The total current divides among the parallel paths:
- I_total = I1 + I2 + I3 + ...
- Voltage Drop: The voltage across each resistor is the same:
- V_total = V1 = V2 = V3 = ...
Key Differences
- Configuration: Series has a single pathway, while parallel offers multiple pathways.
- Resistance Behavior: Series resistors increase total resistance, while parallel resistors decrease it.
- Current Distribution: In series, current remains constant; in parallel, current is divided among resistors.
- Voltage Characteristics: Series resistors have varying voltage drops; parallel resistors maintain the same voltage across all.
Understanding these differences helps in designing circuits for desired electrical characteristics and functionality.