The study of Indian society has expanded rapidly since the late 20th century, reflecting India’s heightened visibility in a globally interconnected cultural, economic, and political landscape. This article focuses on literature on contemporary India, beginning with independence in 1947 but emphasizing the most recent period of economic liberalization, beginning in the late 1980s. Priority has been granted to theoretically sophisticated empirical work that informs sociological thinking about India. Because of the vast scope of existing scholarship on India, many relevant bodies of literature, especially with regard to the colonial period, have been excluded here because of the exclusive focus on contemporary India. Still, readers will notice frequent references to postcolonial theory, a perspective that closely examines the continuities and links among colonialism, anticolonial nationalism, and current political identities, debates, and divisions. Scholarship on contemporary India in almost all areas of study has been profoundly informed by postcolonial theory and thus pushes the list here to be more interdisciplinary than it might otherwise be. Sociologists of India are increasingly attentive to the ways in which postcolonial theory has transformed the practice of history and anthropology, and this attention is evident in the list provided here. The various institutions and settings examined in this article—which include the state, the economy, and the international and national projects of development but also class, caste, gender, and religion—reflect the range of contexts that sociological scholarship on India is expected to consider. The many ethnographic studies included here in particular provide examples of the kind of multilayered analysis expected of sociological work on contemporary India.