Important Topics of Rise of Nationalism in Europe:

1. The French Revolution:
The French Revolution, which took place from 1789 to 1799, played a significant role in shaping the rise of nationalism in Europe. It emphasized the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity, which inspired people across Europe to question the existing political and social structures. The revolution also led to the spread of revolutionary ideas, such as nationalism and the concept of the nation-state.

2. Napoleon Bonaparte:
Napoleon's conquests and his policies had a profound impact on the rise of nationalism in Europe. He introduced several reforms, such as the Napoleonic Code, which promoted the idea of equality before the law and individual rights. However, his conquests also led to the spread of French nationalism and resistance from other nationalist movements.

3. Conservative Reaction:
The conservative reaction to the French Revolution and Napoleonic rule also contributed to the rise of nationalism. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 aimed to restore the old order and suppress nationalist aspirations. However, these efforts often fueled nationalist sentiments, as people sought to assert their cultural, linguistic, and political identities in the face of repression.

4. Revolutionary Movements:
Throughout the 19th century, several revolutionary movements emerged across Europe, driven by nationalist aspirations. These movements aimed to overthrow existing monarchies and establish independent nation-states based on shared cultural and linguistic identities. Examples include the Greek War of Independence, the Italian unification movement led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, and the German unification under Otto von Bismarck.

5. Impact of Industrialization:
The industrial revolution played a crucial role in the rise of nationalism. It led to urbanization, increased communication and transportation networks, and the growth of the middle class. These factors fostered a sense of common identity and shared interests among the population, paving the way for nationalist movements.

6. Role of Intellectuals:
Intellectuals and writers played a significant role in promoting nationalist ideas. Figures such as Johann Gottfried Herder and Giuseppe Mazzini emphasized the importance of national identity, cultural heritage, and the right to self-determination. Their writings and speeches inspired many to take up the cause of nationalism.

7. Formation of Nation-States:
The rise of nationalism eventually led to the formation of nation-states across Europe. Examples include the unification of Italy and Germany in the late 19th century and the creation of other nation-states such as Belgium, Greece, and Serbia. These nation-states sought to consolidate their power, assert their national identity, and pursue their interests on the international stage.

In conclusion, the rise of nationalism in Europe was influenced by various factors, including historical events like the French Revolution and the impact of industrialization. The desire for self-determination, cultural identity, and political autonomy drove people to strive for the formation of nation-states. Intellectuals and revolutionary movements also played crucial roles in shaping nationalist sentiments and aspirations. The consequences of this rise of nationalism continue to shape the political landscape of Europe today.