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Analyzing over 380 galaxy systems from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a huge collection of galactic data, astronomers have found conclusive proof that confirms dwarf galaxies having a well-defined route to orbit large galaxies rather than that of chaotic paths. 
  • a)
    astronomers have found conclusive proof that confirms dwarf galaxies having a well-defined route to orbit large galaxies rather than that of 
  • b)
    astronomers have found conclusive proof confirming that dwarf galaxies orbit large galaxies in a well-defined route rather than in
  • c)
    astronomers have found conclusive proof that confirms dwarf galaxies having a well-defined route to orbit large galaxies in rather than
  • d)
    conclusive proof found by astronomers confirms a well-defined route for dwarf galaxies to orbit large galaxies rather than
  • e)
    conclusive proof has been found by astronomers confirming that dwarf galaxies orbit large galaxies in a well-defined route rather than in
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
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Verified Answer
Analyzing over 380 galaxy systems from theSloan Digital Sky Survey, a ...
Analyzing over 380 galaxy systems from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a huge collection of galactic data, astronomers have found conclusive proof that confirms dwarf galaxies having a well-defined route to orbit large galaxies rather than that of chaotic paths. 
Meaning Analysis
  • Analyzing over 380 galaxy systems from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey,
    • a huge collection of galactic data,
  • astronomers have found conclusive proof
    • that confirms dwarf galaxies having a well-defined route to orbit large galaxies
      • rather than that of chaotic paths.
The sentence talks about a discovery by astronomers. Some astronomers analyzed more than 380 galaxy systems from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The SDSS is a huge collection of galactic data. After their analyses, the astronomers have conclusive proof that dwarf galaxies have a well-defined route to circle around the large galaxies. Their orbits do not go about in chaotic paths. 
Error Analysis
1)    The way this sentence has been written, it suggests that the conclusive proof confirms the dwarf galaxies themselves. But from the context of the sentence, we know that the proof confirms “something” about the dwarf galaxies.
2)    Also the pronoun “that of” does not have any logical antecedent in the sentence.  
Answer Choices
A
astronomers have found conclusive proof that confirms dwarf galaxies having a well-defined route to orbit large galaxies rather than that of 
Incorrect: This choice has the errors pointed out in the error analysis. 
B
astronomers have found conclusive proof confirming that dwarf galaxies orbit large galaxies in a well-defined route rather than in
Correct:   
1)    This sentence corrects the meaning error by making “dwarf galaxies orbit” a separate clause. Now the meaning is clear that the proof confirms “something” about the dwarf galaxies.
2)    The sentence also get rids of the pronoun “that of” and maintains the parallelism between “in a well-defined route” and “in chaotic paths”.
C
astronomers have found conclusive proof that confirms dwarf galaxies having a well-defined route to orbit large galaxies in rather than
This choice repeats the meaning error of Choice A.  Also, the meaning of “in” is not clear because of its placement before “rather than”.
D
conclusive proof found by astronomers confirms a well-defined route for dwarf galaxies to orbit large galaxies rather than
Incorrect:
1)    The opening verb-ing modifier illogically modifies “conclusive proof”, suggesting that the conclusive proof did the analysis.
2)    Per this choice, the proof confirms “a well-defined route”. Well, this is not absolutely incorrect, but the way this choice is worded, it fails to bring out the intended meaning in a precise and clear manner.
E
conclusive proof has been found by astronomers confirming that dwarf galaxies orbit large galaxies in a well-defined route rather than in
 Incorrect:  
1)    This choice repeats the modifier error of Choice C.
2)    Per this choice, astronomers confirm something about the dwarf galaxies. This changes the intended meaning because the proof does that job.
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Analyzing over 380 galaxy systems from theSloan Digital Sky Survey, a huge collection of galactic data, astronomers have found conclusive proof that confirms dwarf galaxies having a well-defined route to orbit large galaxies rather than that of chaotic paths.a)astronomers have found conclusive proof that confirms dwarf galaxies having a well-defined route to orbit large galaxiesrather than that ofb)astronomers have found conclusive proof confirming that dwarf galaxies orbit large galaxiesin a well-defined route rather than inc)astronomers have found conclusive proof that confirms dwarf galaxies having a well-defined route to orbit large galaxiesin rather thand)conclusive proof found by astronomers confirms a well-defined route for dwarf galaxies to orbit large galaxiesrather thane)conclusive proof has been found by astronomers confirming that dwarf galaxies orbit large galaxiesin a well-defined route rather than inCorrect answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
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