In the Indian context, the distinction between old and new social movements can be applied to understand the evolving dynamics of social activism and the changing nature of collective action. Old social movements emerged during the pre-independence era and were primarily focused on political and national issues, while new social movements have emerged in the post-independence period, addressing a wide range of social, cultural, and environmental concerns.


1. Historical Background:
- Old social movements in India were instrumental in the struggle for independence from British colonial rule.
- They were characterized by their strong political orientation and the goal of achieving national unity and freedom.

2. Key Features:
- Old social movements were largely led by political leaders and organizations such as the Indian National Congress.
- They had a top-down organizational structure and relied on mass mobilization techniques like protests, strikes, and civil disobedience.
- The demands of these movements were primarily political in nature, focusing on issues such as self-governance, democracy, and national identity.

3. Examples:
- The Indian National Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, which aimed at achieving independence from British rule.
- The Quit India Movement, which called for the immediate departure of the British from India.


1. Emergence:
- New social movements in India emerged in the post-independence period, driven by changing societal dynamics and the need to address various social and cultural issues.
- They gained momentum during the 1970s and 1980s with the rise of grassroots activism and the influence of global movements.

2. Key Features:
- New social movements are characterized by their decentralized and participatory nature, with a focus on identity politics and the rights of marginalized groups.
- They utilize diverse strategies such as advocacy, lobbying, awareness campaigns, and legal interventions.
- The issues addressed by new social movements in India include environmental protection, women's rights, LGBTQ+ rights, caste discrimination, and tribal rights.

3. Examples:
- The Chipko Movement, which aimed at protecting forests and promoting ecological sustainability.
- The Narmada Bachao Andolan, a movement against large-scale dam projects and displacement of local communities.


The distinction between old and new social movements in the Indian context helps in understanding the evolution of social activism and the shifting focus of collective action. While old social movements were primarily political in nature and aimed at achieving national independence, new social movements address a wide range of social, cultural, and environmental issues, emphasizing the rights of marginalized groups and the importance of grassroots participation. Both old and new social movements have played significant roles in shaping India's socio-political landscape.