The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus Valley of present-day Pakistan and northwest India from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. The Harappans were known for their advanced urban planning, trade networks, and agricultural practices. Here are four crops that were grown by the Harappans:

1. Wheat:
Wheat was one of the main cereal crops cultivated by the Harappans. It was grown in large quantities and was an important staple food for the people. Wheat grains have been found in archaeological sites, indicating its significance in their agricultural practices. The Harappans may have used simple tools like wooden plows to till the land and sow wheat seeds. The cultivation of wheat suggests that the Harappans had knowledge of farming techniques and were able to sustain a large population.

2. Barley:
Barley was another cereal crop that was grown by the Harappans. It was well-suited to the dry climate of the Indus Valley and could be grown in areas with less water availability. Barley grains have been found in the remains of Harappan settlements, indicating its importance in their diet. Barley was used to make various food items such as bread, porridge, and beer. The cultivation of barley suggests that the Harappans had the knowledge and skills to adapt to their environment and utilize available resources efficiently.

3. Lentils:
Lentils were an important source of protein for the Harappans. They were grown alongside cereals and provided a nutritious addition to their diet. Lentil seeds have been found in archaeological sites, indicating their cultivation. Lentils were an important crop as they provided a balanced diet along with cereals. The cultivation of lentils also suggests that the Harappans had an understanding of crop rotation and the importance of diversifying their agricultural practices.

4. Cotton:
Cotton was a major non-food crop grown by the Harappans. They cultivated cotton for its fibers, which were used to make textiles and clothing. The Harappans were skilled in spinning and weaving cotton, and evidence of cotton textiles has been found in the archaeological sites. The cultivation of cotton suggests that the Harappans had advanced knowledge of agriculture and textile production. Cotton cultivation also indicates the existence of a sophisticated economy and trade networks, as cotton textiles were likely traded both within the civilization and with neighboring regions.

In conclusion, the Harappans cultivated a range of crops including wheat, barley, lentils, and cotton. These crops provided them with food, fiber, and economic opportunities. The cultivation of these crops demonstrates the agricultural expertise and resourcefulness of the Harappan civilization.

Wheat
Barley
pulses
rice