Census
A comprehensive survey covering every single member of a population is known as a census. It involves collecting data from each individual or entity within a specific population, whether it is a country, city, organization, or any other defined group. The purpose of a census is to gather a complete and accurate picture of the entire population, rather than just a sample.

Key Points:
- A census aims to provide a detailed understanding of the demographic, social, economic, and other characteristics of a population.
- It typically collects information such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, employment status, income, housing conditions, and other relevant variables.
- Governments often conduct national censuses to inform policy-making, resource allocation, and planning at various levels.
- Census data is crucial for determining representation in political systems, as it provides the basis for determining the number of seats each region or district receives in a legislative body.
- It also helps in identifying and addressing disparities in access to public services and resources, such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
- Census data can be used for research purposes, such as studying population trends, migration patterns, urbanization, and socioeconomic changes over time.
- Conducting a census involves comprehensive planning, data collection, processing, and analysis. It requires extensive coordination, resources, and outreach efforts to ensure a high level of participation.
- Governments often use a variety of methods to collect census data, including online surveys, paper questionnaires, and door-to-door interviews.
- Census participation is typically mandatory, and governments may impose penalties for non-compliance or refusal to provide accurate information.
- Census data is usually anonymized and aggregated to protect individuals' privacy while still providing valuable insights into the characteristics of the population as a whole.

Conclusion:
A census is a comprehensive survey that covers every single member of a population. It is an essential tool for understanding the demographic, social, and economic characteristics of a population, informing policy-making, resource allocation, and research. Conducting a census involves meticulous planning and coordination to ensure accurate and complete data collection from the entire population.