Pataliputra is located in Patna, which is the correct answer (option C). Let's delve into the details to understand why.

**Pataliputra - An Ancient City:**

Pataliputra, also known as Patliputra or Patna, is an ancient city situated on the southern bank of the River Ganges in the modern-day state of Bihar, India. It holds great historical significance as it was the capital city of several important empires and kingdoms throughout history.

**Capital of Maurya Empire:**

Pataliputra gained prominence during the reign of the Maurya Empire, one of the most powerful and significant empires in ancient India. Under the rule of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya and his successors, especially Emperor Ashoka, Pataliputra became the capital city of the Mauryan Empire.

**Ashoka's Contributions:**

Emperor Ashoka, famously known as Ashoka the Great, made significant contributions to the development and administration of Pataliputra. He constructed various architectural marvels, including magnificent palaces, libraries, and gardens. Ashoka also erected pillars and rock edicts throughout his empire, spreading his message of non-violence, tolerance, and moral values.

**Gupta Empire and Golden Age:**

After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, Pataliputra continued to be an important city during the Gupta Empire. The Gupta dynasty is often referred to as the "Golden Age of India" due to its remarkable achievements in science, mathematics, art, and literature. Pataliputra served as the capital of the Gupta Empire and witnessed great prosperity and cultural advancements during this period.

**Buddhist and Jain Influence:**

Pataliputra was a significant center for both Buddhism and Jainism. The city was closely associated with Gautama Buddha and his teachings, and many Buddhist monasteries and universities were established in and around Pataliputra. Similarly, Jainism also flourished in the region, with numerous Jain temples and shrines being constructed.

**Conclusion:**

In summary, Pataliputra, the ancient city of great historical importance, is located in Patna, Bihar. It served as the capital of the Maurya Empire under Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka the Great. Pataliputra also witnessed the glorious Gupta Empire and played a vital role in the development and spread of Buddhism and Jainism. So, option C, Patna, is the correct answer.

Pataliputra is now known as Patna.