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Read the following passage and answer the question.Rule of natural justice are placed so highthat it has been declared time and again by courts that “no human law are of any validity, if contrary to this”, and court of law could discard an act of parliament if it is contrary to natural justice. Generally no provision is found in any statute for observance of principle of natural justice by adjudicating authorities.Question then arises, whether the adjudicating authorities are bound to follow these principles. Law is well settled on this point, courts have observed that even though there is no positive words in a statuteor rules requiring that the parties shall be heard, yet the principles of natural justice will supply the omission of legislature. In other words if a statute or rule authorising interference with property, civil or fundamental rights was silent on question of hearing and notice, the courts will apply the rules as it is “of universal application and founded on plainest principle of natural justice”. Non-observance of principle will invalidate the exercise of power by any authority. Principle of natural justice are binding on all courts, judicial bodies and quasi judicial bodies. Question is -are they applicable to an administrative action? Earlier court took the view that it is inapplicable but as per lord denning “that heresy has been scotched”. Thus a statutory body irrespective of its nature or function has to act fairly and not in an arbitrary manner.Principles of natural justice differs from situation to situation but certain basic premises remain the same. For instance, accused should know the nature of accusation made, he should be given an opportunity to state his case and tribunal should act in good faith. Whenever, a complaint is made to court regarding non observance of principles of natural justice, court has to see whether the observance of that rule was necessary for a just and fair decision as per the facts of the case. If it was necessary then court will declare the decision ultra vires the power of authority.Traditionally, there are 2 principles of natural justice.(i) No man shall be judge in his own cause, or no man can act as both at the one and the same time- a party or a suitor and also a judge, or a deciding authority must be impartial and without bias.(ii) Hear the other side, or both the side must be heard, or no man should be condemned unheard, or that there must be fairness on the part of deciding authority.Rule against bias simply means that, justice should not only be done, but manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done. Anything which tends or may be regarded as tending to cause such person to decide a case otherwise than on evidence must be held to be biased. Judge is supposed to be indifferent to the parties in a controversy. He must be in position to decide the matter objectively. He cannot allow his personal prejudice to go into decision making. Object is not merely that scales be held even; it is also that they may not appear to be inclined. This rule also applies to administrative authorities required to act judicially.Right to be heard simply means that, a party is not to suffer in person or in purse without an opportunity of being heard. In short, before an order is passed against any person, reasonable opportunity of being heard must be given to him. This maxim includes 2 elements- notice and hearing. Any action taken without notice is against principle of natural justice and is void ab initio. Notice must be clear, specific and unambiguous and charges should not be vague and uncertain. Moreover, notice must give reasonable opportunity to comply with requirement mentioned therein. Hearing simply means that no adverse action can be taken against any person without giving him an opportunity of being heard. It also means that, adjudicating authority must disclose all evidence and material placed before it in the course of hearing proceeding and must afford an opportunity to the person against whom the evidences are to be used to rebut it. Another rule of hearing is “he who hears should decide” or “one who decides must hear”.Q.Ramesh was a karmchari at electricity department; he was one day caught taking bribe by the vigilance department for providing an illegal connection. Based on an FIR registered by vigilance department, Ramesh was removed from service with immediate effect. Ramesh, argues for his natural right of being heard but department rejects it by stating that neither his service rules, nor his agreement provides for such right and department had power to remove on account of misconduct without providing any notice whatsoever. What will court decide in this case.a)He was caught red handed, there is no need to give him a notice and hearing because there is sufficient evidence against him.b)It was not mentioned in the service rules or agreement so, there was no need to provide him a hearing.c)Ramesh should be provided a hearing for only an FIR has been filed against him and that means he is just an accused and not a convict, thus it is improper to remove him without hearing him and giving him a chance to prove himself as innocent.d)Though, service rules are silent on principles of natural justice, court will read the principles into the service rules and held the action against Ramesh to be invalid.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? for CLAT 2024 is part of CLAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the CLAT exam syllabus. Information about Read the following passage and answer the question.Rule of natural justice are placed so highthat it has been declared time and again by courts that “no human law are of any validity, if contrary to this”, and court of law could discard an act of parliament if it is contrary to natural justice. Generally no provision is found in any statute for observance of principle of natural justice by adjudicating authorities.Question then arises, whether the adjudicating authorities are bound to follow these principles. Law is well settled on this point, courts have observed that even though there is no positive words in a statuteor rules requiring that the parties shall be heard, yet the principles of natural justice will supply the omission of legislature. In other words if a statute or rule authorising interference with property, civil or fundamental rights was silent on question of hearing and notice, the courts will apply the rules as it is “of universal application and founded on plainest principle of natural justice”. Non-observance of principle will invalidate the exercise of power by any authority. Principle of natural justice are binding on all courts, judicial bodies and quasi judicial bodies. Question is -are they applicable to an administrative action? Earlier court took the view that it is inapplicable but as per lord denning “that heresy has been scotched”. Thus a statutory body irrespective of its nature or function has to act fairly and not in an arbitrary manner.Principles of natural justice differs from situation to situation but certain basic premises remain the same. For instance, accused should know the nature of accusation made, he should be given an opportunity to state his case and tribunal should act in good faith. Whenever, a complaint is made to court regarding non observance of principles of natural justice, court has to see whether the observance of that rule was necessary for a just and fair decision as per the facts of the case. If it was necessary then court will declare the decision ultra vires the power of authority.Traditionally, there are 2 principles of natural justice.(i) No man shall be judge in his own cause, or no man can act as both at the one and the same time- a party or a suitor and also a judge, or a deciding authority must be impartial and without bias.(ii) Hear the other side, or both the side must be heard, or no man should be condemned unheard, or that there must be fairness on the part of deciding authority.Rule against bias simply means that, justice should not only be done, but manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done. Anything which tends or may be regarded as tending to cause such person to decide a case otherwise than on evidence must be held to be biased. Judge is supposed to be indifferent to the parties in a controversy. He must be in position to decide the matter objectively. He cannot allow his personal prejudice to go into decision making. Object is not merely that scales be held even; it is also that they may not appear to be inclined. This rule also applies to administrative authorities required to act judicially.Right to be heard simply means that, a party is not to suffer in person or in purse without an opportunity of being heard. In short, before an order is passed against any person, reasonable opportunity of being heard must be given to him. This maxim includes 2 elements- notice and hearing. Any action taken without notice is against principle of natural justice and is void ab initio. Notice must be clear, specific and unambiguous and charges should not be vague and uncertain. Moreover, notice must give reasonable opportunity to comply with requirement mentioned therein. Hearing simply means that no adverse action can be taken against any person without giving him an opportunity of being heard. It also means that, adjudicating authority must disclose all evidence and material placed before it in the course of hearing proceeding and must afford an opportunity to the person against whom the evidences are to be used to rebut it. Another rule of hearing is “he who hears should decide” or “one who decides must hear”.Q.Ramesh was a karmchari at electricity department; he was one day caught taking bribe by the vigilance department for providing an illegal connection. Based on an FIR registered by vigilance department, Ramesh was removed from service with immediate effect. Ramesh, argues for his natural right of being heard but department rejects it by stating that neither his service rules, nor his agreement provides for such right and department had power to remove on account of misconduct without providing any notice whatsoever. What will court decide in this case.a)He was caught red handed, there is no need to give him a notice and hearing because there is sufficient evidence against him.b)It was not mentioned in the service rules or agreement so, there was no need to provide him a hearing.c)Ramesh should be provided a hearing for only an FIR has been filed against him and that means he is just an accused and not a convict, thus it is improper to remove him without hearing him and giving him a chance to prove himself as innocent.d)Though, service rules are silent on principles of natural justice, court will read the principles into the service rules and held the action against Ramesh to be invalid.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for CLAT 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Read the following passage and answer the question.Rule of natural justice are placed so highthat it has been declared time and again by courts that “no human law are of any validity, if contrary to this”, and court of law could discard an act of parliament if it is contrary to natural justice. Generally no provision is found in any statute for observance of principle of natural justice by adjudicating authorities.Question then arises, whether the adjudicating authorities are bound to follow these principles. Law is well settled on this point, courts have observed that even though there is no positive words in a statuteor rules requiring that the parties shall be heard, yet the principles of natural justice will supply the omission of legislature. In other words if a statute or rule authorising interference with property, civil or fundamental rights was silent on question of hearing and notice, the courts will apply the rules as it is “of universal application and founded on plainest principle of natural justice”. Non-observance of principle will invalidate the exercise of power by any authority. Principle of natural justice are binding on all courts, judicial bodies and quasi judicial bodies. Question is -are they applicable to an administrative action? Earlier court took the view that it is inapplicable but as per lord denning “that heresy has been scotched”. Thus a statutory body irrespective of its nature or function has to act fairly and not in an arbitrary manner.Principles of natural justice differs from situation to situation but certain basic premises remain the same. For instance, accused should know the nature of accusation made, he should be given an opportunity to state his case and tribunal should act in good faith. Whenever, a complaint is made to court regarding non observance of principles of natural justice, court has to see whether the observance of that rule was necessary for a just and fair decision as per the facts of the case. If it was necessary then court will declare the decision ultra vires the power of authority.Traditionally, there are 2 principles of natural justice.(i) No man shall be judge in his own cause, or no man can act as both at the one and the same time- a party or a suitor and also a judge, or a deciding authority must be impartial and without bias.(ii) Hear the other side, or both the side must be heard, or no man should be condemned unheard, or that there must be fairness on the part of deciding authority.Rule against bias simply means that, justice should not only be done, but manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done. Anything which tends or may be regarded as tending to cause such person to decide a case otherwise than on evidence must be held to be biased. Judge is supposed to be indifferent to the parties in a controversy. He must be in position to decide the matter objectively. He cannot allow his personal prejudice to go into decision making. Object is not merely that scales be held even; it is also that they may not appear to be inclined. This rule also applies to administrative authorities required to act judicially.Right to be heard simply means that, a party is not to suffer in person or in purse without an opportunity of being heard. In short, before an order is passed against any person, reasonable opportunity of being heard must be given to him. This maxim includes 2 elements- notice and hearing. Any action taken without notice is against principle of natural justice and is void ab initio. Notice must be clear, specific and unambiguous and charges should not be vague and uncertain. Moreover, notice must give reasonable opportunity to comply with requirement mentioned therein. Hearing simply means that no adverse action can be taken against any person without giving him an opportunity of being heard. It also means that, adjudicating authority must disclose all evidence and material placed before it in the course of hearing proceeding and must afford an opportunity to the person against whom the evidences are to be used to rebut it. Another rule of hearing is “he who hears should decide” or “one who decides must hear”.Q.Ramesh was a karmchari at electricity department; he was one day caught taking bribe by the vigilance department for providing an illegal connection. Based on an FIR registered by vigilance department, Ramesh was removed from service with immediate effect. Ramesh, argues for his natural right of being heard but department rejects it by stating that neither his service rules, nor his agreement provides for such right and department had power to remove on account of misconduct without providing any notice whatsoever. What will court decide in this case.a)He was caught red handed, there is no need to give him a notice and hearing because there is sufficient evidence against him.b)It was not mentioned in the service rules or agreement so, there was no need to provide him a hearing.c)Ramesh should be provided a hearing for only an FIR has been filed against him and that means he is just an accused and not a convict, thus it is improper to remove him without hearing him and giving him a chance to prove himself as innocent.d)Though, service rules are silent on principles of natural justice, court will read the principles into the service rules and held the action against Ramesh to be invalid.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?.

Solutions for Read the following passage and answer the question.Rule of natural justice are placed so highthat it has been declared time and again by courts that “no human law are of any validity, if contrary to this”, and court of law could discard an act of parliament if it is contrary to natural justice. Generally no provision is found in any statute for observance of principle of natural justice by adjudicating authorities.Question then arises, whether the adjudicating authorities are bound to follow these principles. Law is well settled on this point, courts have observed that even though there is no positive words in a statuteor rules requiring that the parties shall be heard, yet the principles of natural justice will supply the omission of legislature. In other words if a statute or rule authorising interference with property, civil or fundamental rights was silent on question of hearing and notice, the courts will apply the rules as it is “of universal application and founded on plainest principle of natural justice”. Non-observance of principle will invalidate the exercise of power by any authority. Principle of natural justice are binding on all courts, judicial bodies and quasi judicial bodies. Question is -are they applicable to an administrative action? Earlier court took the view that it is inapplicable but as per lord denning “that heresy has been scotched”. Thus a statutory body irrespective of its nature or function has to act fairly and not in an arbitrary manner.Principles of natural justice differs from situation to situation but certain basic premises remain the same. For instance, accused should know the nature of accusation made, he should be given an opportunity to state his case and tribunal should act in good faith. Whenever, a complaint is made to court regarding non observance of principles of natural justice, court has to see whether the observance of that rule was necessary for a just and fair decision as per the facts of the case. If it was necessary then court will declare the decision ultra vires the power of authority.Traditionally, there are 2 principles of natural justice.(i) No man shall be judge in his own cause, or no man can act as both at the one and the same time- a party or a suitor and also a judge, or a deciding authority must be impartial and without bias.(ii) Hear the other side, or both the side must be heard, or no man should be condemned unheard, or that there must be fairness on the part of deciding authority.Rule against bias simply means that, justice should not only be done, but manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done. Anything which tends or may be regarded as tending to cause such person to decide a case otherwise than on evidence must be held to be biased. Judge is supposed to be indifferent to the parties in a controversy. He must be in position to decide the matter objectively. He cannot allow his personal prejudice to go into decision making. Object is not merely that scales be held even; it is also that they may not appear to be inclined. This rule also applies to administrative authorities required to act judicially.Right to be heard simply means that, a party is not to suffer in person or in purse without an opportunity of being heard. In short, before an order is passed against any person, reasonable opportunity of being heard must be given to him. This maxim includes 2 elements- notice and hearing. Any action taken without notice is against principle of natural justice and is void ab initio. Notice must be clear, specific and unambiguous and charges should not be vague and uncertain. Moreover, notice must give reasonable opportunity to comply with requirement mentioned therein. Hearing simply means that no adverse action can be taken against any person without giving him an opportunity of being heard. It also means that, adjudicating authority must disclose all evidence and material placed before it in the course of hearing proceeding and must afford an opportunity to the person against whom the evidences are to be used to rebut it. Another rule of hearing is “he who hears should decide” or “one who decides must hear”.Q.Ramesh was a karmchari at electricity department; he was one day caught taking bribe by the vigilance department for providing an illegal connection. Based on an FIR registered by vigilance department, Ramesh was removed from service with immediate effect. Ramesh, argues for his natural right of being heard but department rejects it by stating that neither his service rules, nor his agreement provides for such right and department had power to remove on account of misconduct without providing any notice whatsoever. What will court decide in this case.a)He was caught red handed, there is no need to give him a notice and hearing because there is sufficient evidence against him.b)It was not mentioned in the service rules or agreement so, there was no need to provide him a hearing.c)Ramesh should be provided a hearing for only an FIR has been filed against him and that means he is just an accused and not a convict, thus it is improper to remove him without hearing him and giving him a chance to prove himself as innocent.d)Though, service rules are silent on principles of natural justice, court will read the principles into the service rules and held the action against Ramesh to be invalid.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for CLAT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for CLAT Exam by signing up for free.

Here you can find the meaning of Read the following passage and answer the question.Rule of natural justice are placed so highthat it has been declared time and again by courts that “no human law are of any validity, if contrary to this”, and court of law could discard an act of parliament if it is contrary to natural justice. Generally no provision is found in any statute for observance of principle of natural justice by adjudicating authorities.Question then arises, whether the adjudicating authorities are bound to follow these principles. Law is well settled on this point, courts have observed that even though there is no positive words in a statuteor rules requiring that the parties shall be heard, yet the principles of natural justice will supply the omission of legislature. In other words if a statute or rule authorising interference with property, civil or fundamental rights was silent on question of hearing and notice, the courts will apply the rules as it is “of universal application and founded on plainest principle of natural justice”. Non-observance of principle will invalidate the exercise of power by any authority. Principle of natural justice are binding on all courts, judicial bodies and quasi judicial bodies. Question is -are they applicable to an administrative action? Earlier court took the view that it is inapplicable but as per lord denning “that heresy has been scotched”. Thus a statutory body irrespective of its nature or function has to act fairly and not in an arbitrary manner.Principles of natural justice differs from situation to situation but certain basic premises remain the same. For instance, accused should know the nature of accusation made, he should be given an opportunity to state his case and tribunal should act in good faith. Whenever, a complaint is made to court regarding non observance of principles of natural justice, court has to see whether the observance of that rule was necessary for a just and fair decision as per the facts of the case. If it was necessary then court will declare the decision ultra vires the power of authority.Traditionally, there are 2 principles of natural justice.(i) No man shall be judge in his own cause, or no man can act as both at the one and the same time- a party or a suitor and also a judge, or a deciding authority must be impartial and without bias.(ii) Hear the other side, or both the side must be heard, or no man should be condemned unheard, or that there must be fairness on the part of deciding authority.Rule against bias simply means that, justice should not only be done, but manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done. Anything which tends or may be regarded as tending to cause such person to decide a case otherwise than on evidence must be held to be biased. Judge is supposed to be indifferent to the parties in a controversy. He must be in position to decide the matter objectively. He cannot allow his personal prejudice to go into decision making. Object is not merely that scales be held even; it is also that they may not appear to be inclined. This rule also applies to administrative authorities required to act judicially.Right to be heard simply means that, a party is not to suffer in person or in purse without an opportunity of being heard. In short, before an order is passed against any person, reasonable opportunity of being heard must be given to him. This maxim includes 2 elements- notice and hearing. Any action taken without notice is against principle of natural justice and is void ab initio. Notice must be clear, specific and unambiguous and charges should not be vague and uncertain. Moreover, notice must give reasonable opportunity to comply with requirement mentioned therein. Hearing simply means that no adverse action can be taken against any person without giving him an opportunity of being heard. It also means that, adjudicating authority must disclose all evidence and material placed before it in the course of hearing proceeding and must afford an opportunity to the person against whom the evidences are to be used to rebut it. Another rule of hearing is “he who hears should decide” or “one who decides must hear”.Q.Ramesh was a karmchari at electricity department; he was one day caught taking bribe by the vigilance department for providing an illegal connection. Based on an FIR registered by vigilance department, Ramesh was removed from service with immediate effect. Ramesh, argues for his natural right of being heard but department rejects it by stating that neither his service rules, nor his agreement provides for such right and department had power to remove on account of misconduct without providing any notice whatsoever. What will court decide in this case.a)He was caught red handed, there is no need to give him a notice and hearing because there is sufficient evidence against him.b)It was not mentioned in the service rules or agreement so, there was no need to provide him a hearing.c)Ramesh should be provided a hearing for only an FIR has been filed against him and that means he is just an accused and not a convict, thus it is improper to remove him without hearing him and giving him a chance to prove himself as innocent.d)Though, service rules are silent on principles of natural justice, court will read the principles into the service rules and held the action against Ramesh to be invalid.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Read the following passage and answer the question.Rule of natural justice are placed so highthat it has been declared time and again by courts that “no human law are of any validity, if contrary to this”, and court of law could discard an act of parliament if it is contrary to natural justice. Generally no provision is found in any statute for observance of principle of natural justice by adjudicating authorities.Question then arises, whether the adjudicating authorities are bound to follow these principles. Law is well settled on this point, courts have observed that even though there is no positive words in a statuteor rules requiring that the parties shall be heard, yet the principles of natural justice will supply the omission of legislature. In other words if a statute or rule authorising interference with property, civil or fundamental rights was silent on question of hearing and notice, the courts will apply the rules as it is “of universal application and founded on plainest principle of natural justice”. Non-observance of principle will invalidate the exercise of power by any authority. Principle of natural justice are binding on all courts, judicial bodies and quasi judicial bodies. Question is -are they applicable to an administrative action? Earlier court took the view that it is inapplicable but as per lord denning “that heresy has been scotched”. Thus a statutory body irrespective of its nature or function has to act fairly and not in an arbitrary manner.Principles of natural justice differs from situation to situation but certain basic premises remain the same. For instance, accused should know the nature of accusation made, he should be given an opportunity to state his case and tribunal should act in good faith. Whenever, a complaint is made to court regarding non observance of principles of natural justice, court has to see whether the observance of that rule was necessary for a just and fair decision as per the facts of the case. If it was necessary then court will declare the decision ultra vires the power of authority.Traditionally, there are 2 principles of natural justice.(i) No man shall be judge in his own cause, or no man can act as both at the one and the same time- a party or a suitor and also a judge, or a deciding authority must be impartial and without bias.(ii) Hear the other side, or both the side must be heard, or no man should be condemned unheard, or that there must be fairness on the part of deciding authority.Rule against bias simply means that, justice should not only be done, but manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done. Anything which tends or may be regarded as tending to cause such person to decide a case otherwise than on evidence must be held to be biased. Judge is supposed to be indifferent to the parties in a controversy. He must be in position to decide the matter objectively. He cannot allow his personal prejudice to go into decision making. Object is not merely that scales be held even; it is also that they may not appear to be inclined. This rule also applies to administrative authorities required to act judicially.Right to be heard simply means that, a party is not to suffer in person or in purse without an opportunity of being heard. In short, before an order is passed against any person, reasonable opportunity of being heard must be given to him. This maxim includes 2 elements- notice and hearing. Any action taken without notice is against principle of natural justice and is void ab initio. Notice must be clear, specific and unambiguous and charges should not be vague and uncertain. Moreover, notice must give reasonable opportunity to comply with requirement mentioned therein. Hearing simply means that no adverse action can be taken against any person without giving him an opportunity of being heard. It also means that, adjudicating authority must disclose all evidence and material placed before it in the course of hearing proceeding and must afford an opportunity to the person against whom the evidences are to be used to rebut it. Another rule of hearing is “he who hears should decide” or “one who decides must hear”.Q.Ramesh was a karmchari at electricity department; he was one day caught taking bribe by the vigilance department for providing an illegal connection. Based on an FIR registered by vigilance department, Ramesh was removed from service with immediate effect. Ramesh, argues for his natural right of being heard but department rejects it by stating that neither his service rules, nor his agreement provides for such right and department had power to remove on account of misconduct without providing any notice whatsoever. What will court decide in this case.a)He was caught red handed, there is no need to give him a notice and hearing because there is sufficient evidence against him.b)It was not mentioned in the service rules or agreement so, there was no need to provide him a hearing.c)Ramesh should be provided a hearing for only an FIR has been filed against him and that means he is just an accused and not a convict, thus it is improper to remove him without hearing him and giving him a chance to prove himself as innocent.d)Though, service rules are silent on principles of natural justice, court will read the principles into the service rules and held the action against Ramesh to be invalid.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Read the following passage and answer the question.Rule of natural justice are placed so highthat it has been declared time and again by courts that “no human law are of any validity, if contrary to this”, and court of law could discard an act of parliament if it is contrary to natural justice. Generally no provision is found in any statute for observance of principle of natural justice by adjudicating authorities.Question then arises, whether the adjudicating authorities are bound to follow these principles. Law is well settled on this point, courts have observed that even though there is no positive words in a statuteor rules requiring that the parties shall be heard, yet the principles of natural justice will supply the omission of legislature. In other words if a statute or rule authorising interference with property, civil or fundamental rights was silent on question of hearing and notice, the courts will apply the rules as it is “of universal application and founded on plainest principle of natural justice”. Non-observance of principle will invalidate the exercise of power by any authority. Principle of natural justice are binding on all courts, judicial bodies and quasi judicial bodies. Question is -are they applicable to an administrative action? Earlier court took the view that it is inapplicable but as per lord denning “that heresy has been scotched”. Thus a statutory body irrespective of its nature or function has to act fairly and not in an arbitrary manner.Principles of natural justice differs from situation to situation but certain basic premises remain the same. For instance, accused should know the nature of accusation made, he should be given an opportunity to state his case and tribunal should act in good faith. Whenever, a complaint is made to court regarding non observance of principles of natural justice, court has to see whether the observance of that rule was necessary for a just and fair decision as per the facts of the case. If it was necessary then court will declare the decision ultra vires the power of authority.Traditionally, there are 2 principles of natural justice.(i) No man shall be judge in his own cause, or no man can act as both at the one and the same time- a party or a suitor and also a judge, or a deciding authority must be impartial and without bias.(ii) Hear the other side, or both the side must be heard, or no man should be condemned unheard, or that there must be fairness on the part of deciding authority.Rule against bias simply means that, justice should not only be done, but manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done. Anything which tends or may be regarded as tending to cause such person to decide a case otherwise than on evidence must be held to be biased. Judge is supposed to be indifferent to the parties in a controversy. He must be in position to decide the matter objectively. He cannot allow his personal prejudice to go into decision making. Object is not merely that scales be held even; it is also that they may not appear to be inclined. This rule also applies to administrative authorities required to act judicially.Right to be heard simply means that, a party is not to suffer in person or in purse without an opportunity of being heard. In short, before an order is passed against any person, reasonable opportunity of being heard must be given to him. This maxim includes 2 elements- notice and hearing. Any action taken without notice is against principle of natural justice and is void ab initio. Notice must be clear, specific and unambiguous and charges should not be vague and uncertain. Moreover, notice must give reasonable opportunity to comply with requirement mentioned therein. Hearing simply means that no adverse action can be taken against any person without giving him an opportunity of being heard. It also means that, adjudicating authority must disclose all evidence and material placed before it in the course of hearing proceeding and must afford an opportunity to the person against whom the evidences are to be used to rebut it. Another rule of hearing is “he who hears should decide” or “one who decides must hear”.Q.Ramesh was a karmchari at electricity department; he was one day caught taking bribe by the vigilance department for providing an illegal connection. Based on an FIR registered by vigilance department, Ramesh was removed from service with immediate effect. Ramesh, argues for his natural right of being heard but department rejects it by stating that neither his service rules, nor his agreement provides for such right and department had power to remove on account of misconduct without providing any notice whatsoever. What will court decide in this case.a)He was caught red handed, there is no need to give him a notice and hearing because there is sufficient evidence against him.b)It was not mentioned in the service rules or agreement so, there was no need to provide him a hearing.c)Ramesh should be provided a hearing for only an FIR has been filed against him and that means he is just an accused and not a convict, thus it is improper to remove him without hearing him and giving him a chance to prove himself as innocent.d)Though, service rules are silent on principles of natural justice, court will read the principles into the service rules and held the action against Ramesh to be invalid.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Read the following passage and answer the question.Rule of natural justice are placed so highthat it has been declared time and again by courts that “no human law are of any validity, if contrary to this”, and court of law could discard an act of parliament if it is contrary to natural justice. Generally no provision is found in any statute for observance of principle of natural justice by adjudicating authorities.Question then arises, whether the adjudicating authorities are bound to follow these principles. Law is well settled on this point, courts have observed that even though there is no positive words in a statuteor rules requiring that the parties shall be heard, yet the principles of natural justice will supply the omission of legislature. In other words if a statute or rule authorising interference with property, civil or fundamental rights was silent on question of hearing and notice, the courts will apply the rules as it is “of universal application and founded on plainest principle of natural justice”. Non-observance of principle will invalidate the exercise of power by any authority. Principle of natural justice are binding on all courts, judicial bodies and quasi judicial bodies. Question is -are they applicable to an administrative action? Earlier court took the view that it is inapplicable but as per lord denning “that heresy has been scotched”. Thus a statutory body irrespective of its nature or function has to act fairly and not in an arbitrary manner.Principles of natural justice differs from situation to situation but certain basic premises remain the same. For instance, accused should know the nature of accusation made, he should be given an opportunity to state his case and tribunal should act in good faith. Whenever, a complaint is made to court regarding non observance of principles of natural justice, court has to see whether the observance of that rule was necessary for a just and fair decision as per the facts of the case. If it was necessary then court will declare the decision ultra vires the power of authority.Traditionally, there are 2 principles of natural justice.(i) No man shall be judge in his own cause, or no man can act as both at the one and the same time- a party or a suitor and also a judge, or a deciding authority must be impartial and without bias.(ii) Hear the other side, or both the side must be heard, or no man should be condemned unheard, or that there must be fairness on the part of deciding authority.Rule against bias simply means that, justice should not only be done, but manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done. Anything which tends or may be regarded as tending to cause such person to decide a case otherwise than on evidence must be held to be biased. Judge is supposed to be indifferent to the parties in a controversy. He must be in position to decide the matter objectively. He cannot allow his personal prejudice to go into decision making. Object is not merely that scales be held even; it is also that they may not appear to be inclined. This rule also applies to administrative authorities required to act judicially.Right to be heard simply means that, a party is not to suffer in person or in purse without an opportunity of being heard. In short, before an order is passed against any person, reasonable opportunity of being heard must be given to him. This maxim includes 2 elements- notice and hearing. Any action taken without notice is against principle of natural justice and is void ab initio. Notice must be clear, specific and unambiguous and charges should not be vague and uncertain. Moreover, notice must give reasonable opportunity to comply with requirement mentioned therein. Hearing simply means that no adverse action can be taken against any person without giving him an opportunity of being heard. It also means that, adjudicating authority must disclose all evidence and material placed before it in the course of hearing proceeding and must afford an opportunity to the person against whom the evidences are to be used to rebut it. Another rule of hearing is “he who hears should decide” or “one who decides must hear”.Q.Ramesh was a karmchari at electricity department; he was one day caught taking bribe by the vigilance department for providing an illegal connection. Based on an FIR registered by vigilance department, Ramesh was removed from service with immediate effect. Ramesh, argues for his natural right of being heard but department rejects it by stating that neither his service rules, nor his agreement provides for such right and department had power to remove on account of misconduct without providing any notice whatsoever. What will court decide in this case.a)He was caught red handed, there is no need to give him a notice and hearing because there is sufficient evidence against him.b)It was not mentioned in the service rules or agreement so, there was no need to provide him a hearing.c)Ramesh should be provided a hearing for only an FIR has been filed against him and that means he is just an accused and not a convict, thus it is improper to remove him without hearing him and giving him a chance to prove himself as innocent.d)Though, service rules are silent on principles of natural justice, court will read the principles into the service rules and held the action against Ramesh to be invalid.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Read the following passage and answer the question.Rule of natural justice are placed so highthat it has been declared time and again by courts that “no human law are of any validity, if contrary to this”, and court of law could discard an act of parliament if it is contrary to natural justice. Generally no provision is found in any statute for observance of principle of natural justice by adjudicating authorities.Question then arises, whether the adjudicating authorities are bound to follow these principles. Law is well settled on this point, courts have observed that even though there is no positive words in a statuteor rules requiring that the parties shall be heard, yet the principles of natural justice will supply the omission of legislature. In other words if a statute or rule authorising interference with property, civil or fundamental rights was silent on question of hearing and notice, the courts will apply the rules as it is “of universal application and founded on plainest principle of natural justice”. Non-observance of principle will invalidate the exercise of power by any authority. Principle of natural justice are binding on all courts, judicial bodies and quasi judicial bodies. Question is -are they applicable to an administrative action? Earlier court took the view that it is inapplicable but as per lord denning “that heresy has been scotched”. Thus a statutory body irrespective of its nature or function has to act fairly and not in an arbitrary manner.Principles of natural justice differs from situation to situation but certain basic premises remain the same. For instance, accused should know the nature of accusation made, he should be given an opportunity to state his case and tribunal should act in good faith. Whenever, a complaint is made to court regarding non observance of principles of natural justice, court has to see whether the observance of that rule was necessary for a just and fair decision as per the facts of the case. If it was necessary then court will declare the decision ultra vires the power of authority.Traditionally, there are 2 principles of natural justice.(i) No man shall be judge in his own cause, or no man can act as both at the one and the same time- a party or a suitor and also a judge, or a deciding authority must be impartial and without bias.(ii) Hear the other side, or both the side must be heard, or no man should be condemned unheard, or that there must be fairness on the part of deciding authority.Rule against bias simply means that, justice should not only be done, but manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done. Anything which tends or may be regarded as tending to cause such person to decide a case otherwise than on evidence must be held to be biased. Judge is supposed to be indifferent to the parties in a controversy. He must be in position to decide the matter objectively. He cannot allow his personal prejudice to go into decision making. Object is not merely that scales be held even; it is also that they may not appear to be inclined. This rule also applies to administrative authorities required to act judicially.Right to be heard simply means that, a party is not to suffer in person or in purse without an opportunity of being heard. In short, before an order is passed against any person, reasonable opportunity of being heard must be given to him. This maxim includes 2 elements- notice and hearing. Any action taken without notice is against principle of natural justice and is void ab initio. Notice must be clear, specific and unambiguous and charges should not be vague and uncertain. Moreover, notice must give reasonable opportunity to comply with requirement mentioned therein. Hearing simply means that no adverse action can be taken against any person without giving him an opportunity of being heard. It also means that, adjudicating authority must disclose all evidence and material placed before it in the course of hearing proceeding and must afford an opportunity to the person against whom the evidences are to be used to rebut it. Another rule of hearing is “he who hears should decide” or “one who decides must hear”.Q.Ramesh was a karmchari at electricity department; he was one day caught taking bribe by the vigilance department for providing an illegal connection. Based on an FIR registered by vigilance department, Ramesh was removed from service with immediate effect. Ramesh, argues for his natural right of being heard but department rejects it by stating that neither his service rules, nor his agreement provides for such right and department had power to remove on account of misconduct without providing any notice whatsoever. What will court decide in this case.a)He was caught red handed, there is no need to give him a notice and hearing because there is sufficient evidence against him.b)It was not mentioned in the service rules or agreement so, there was no need to provide him a hearing.c)Ramesh should be provided a hearing for only an FIR has been filed against him and that means he is just an accused and not a convict, thus it is improper to remove him without hearing him and giving him a chance to prove himself as innocent.d)Though, service rules are silent on principles of natural justice, court will read the principles into the service rules and held the action against Ramesh to be invalid.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice CLAT tests.