Our knowledge of the Harappan civilization is based on the archaeologi...
Harappans knew how to write and most of their seals contain some form of script. But, unfortunately no one has yet been able to decipher that script. Various types of utensils, toys, seals, figurines have been excavated from different sites that often contain some signs of a written script.
Since Harappans had an expanded trade network, they could not have merely survived writing palmscripts. They must have had a robust system of writing and communication, especially to contact other countries by trade.
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Our knowledge of the Harappan civilization is based on the archaeologi...
Indus Valley Civilization and their trade with Mesopotamians:
Introduction:
The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization, was one of the most advanced civilizations of the ancient world. It flourished between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE in the Indus River valley, which is now Pakistan and northwest India. The Indus Valley people were known for their sophisticated urban planning, agricultural techniques, and trade networks.
Trade:
The Indus Valley people were engaged in long-distance trade with the civilizations of Mesopotamia, which is now modern-day Iraq. The Mesopotamians were known for their advanced civilization that developed in the fertile crescent region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
The trade between the Indus Valley people and the Mesopotamians was facilitated by the Indus River, which provided a natural waterway for transportation. The Indus Valley people exported various goods to Mesopotamia, including:
1. Cotton: The Indus Valley was known for its high-quality cotton, which was in high demand in Mesopotamia.
2. Spices: The Indus Valley people also exported various spices, including black pepper, turmeric, and ginger.
3. Precious stones: The Indus Valley people were skilled in the art of lapidary, and they exported various precious stones, including lapis lazuli and carnelian.
4. Timber: The Indus Valley people also exported timber to Mesopotamia, which was used for construction and shipbuilding.
In exchange for these goods, the Indus Valley people imported various goods from Mesopotamia, including:
1. Copper: The Mesopotamians were skilled in metallurgy, and they exported copper to the Indus Valley people.
2. Tin: The Mesopotamians also exported tin, which was used to make bronze.
3. Wool: The Mesopotamians were known for their high-quality wool, which was in demand in the Indus Valley.
Conclusion:
The trade between the Indus Valley people and the Mesopotamians was mutually beneficial, and it helped to facilitate the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture between the two civilizations. The Indus Valley people were known for their advanced urban planning, agricultural techniques, and trade networks, and their legacy can still be seen in the modern-day cities of Pakistan and India.
Our knowledge of the Harappan civilization is based on the archaeologi...
Option D is the correct answer
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