Democratic reforms are essential for the progress and development of any society. They aim to empower citizens, promote transparency and accountability, and ensure the participation of all individuals in the decision-making process. While democratic reforms can be initiated by various stakeholders, it is primarily the responsibility of political activists, parties and movements, and politically conscious citizens to drive and implement these reforms.

a) Political Activists:
Political activists play a crucial role in advocating for democratic reforms. They are individuals who are committed to social and political change and actively engage in activities such as protests, campaigns, and lobbying to bring about desired reforms. Activists raise awareness about political issues, mobilize public support, and challenge the status quo. They often act as catalysts for change and are instrumental in pressuring governments and institutions to adopt democratic reforms.

b) Parties and Movements:
Political parties and movements are significant players in democratic systems. They have the ability to shape public opinion, influence policy decisions, and mobilize supporters. These entities can champion democratic reforms by including them in their party platforms, advocating for legislation, and organizing grassroots movements. Parties and movements provide a structured platform for citizens to express their political aspirations and work collectively towards achieving democratic goals.

c) Politically Conscious Citizens:
Politically conscious citizens are individuals who are aware of their rights, responsibilities, and the functioning of the political system. They actively participate in the democratic process by voting, engaging in political discussions, and holding elected representatives accountable. Politically conscious citizens can drive democratic reforms by demanding transparency, challenging corruption, and promoting inclusive governance. They act as a check on the government's actions and ensure that democratic principles are upheld.

d) All of the Above:
Democratic reforms require a collective effort from political activists, parties and movements, and politically conscious citizens. These three groups complement each other in their roles and responsibilities. While political activists initiate the call for change, parties and movements provide organizational structure and resources to mobilize support. Politically conscious citizens, on the other hand, actively participate in the democratic process and hold all stakeholders accountable for their actions. The synergy between these groups is vital for the successful implementation of democratic reforms.

In conclusion, democratic reforms are primarily carried out by political activists, parties and movements, and politically conscious citizens. Each group plays a unique role in advocating for change, mobilizing support, and ensuring the principles of democracy are upheld. By working together, these stakeholders can drive meaningful democratic reforms and create a more inclusive and participatory society.

Correct option is 'D'