Battle of Hydaspes

Introduction
The Battle of Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between the army of Alexander the Great and the Indian king Porus. It was a significant battle in Alexander's conquest of India and is considered one of his toughest victories.

The Location
The battle was fought on the banks of the river Jhelum (also known as the Hydaspes River) in present-day Pakistan. The river was a major obstacle for Alexander and his army, as it was wide and deep, and the opposing forces were well-positioned on the other side.

The Opposing Forces
Alexander's army was composed of Macedonian and Greek soldiers, along with some Indian allies. Porus's army was primarily composed of Indian soldiers, including elephants, which were a formidable force in ancient warfare.

The Battle
Alexander's army attempted to cross the river and engage Porus's forces on the other side. The Indian king had positioned his troops on a high bank overlooking the river, and his elephants were arranged in a line at the front. The Macedonian phalanx was unable to break through the Indian forces, and Alexander was forced to send in his companion cavalry to attack from the flank.

The cavalry charge was successful, and Porus's elephants were driven back. However, the Indian king himself remained on the field, fighting fiercely against the Macedonians. Alexander eventually faced Porus in single combat, and was impressed by the Indian king's bravery and skill.

The Aftermath
Although Alexander emerged victorious, his army suffered heavy losses, and he was forced to abandon his plans to continue further into India. Porus, despite being defeated, was allowed to retain his kingdom and became a loyal ally of Alexander. The battle is considered a turning point in Alexander's campaign, as it marked the furthest extent of his conquests and the beginning of his journey back to Greece.

Conclusion
The Battle of Hydaspes was a significant moment in ancient history, showcasing the bravery and skill of both Alexander and Porus, as well as the power of Indian elephants in ancient warfare. The battle remains a major cultural touchstone in Pakistan, where it is celebrated as a moment of national pride and resistance against foreign invaders.