The formal chief of state in Canada is Queen Elizabeth II. She has been the reigning monarch of Canada since 1952, when she ascended to the throne. As the Queen, she serves as the symbolic head of state and represents the unity and continuity of the Canadian nation.

Explanation:
1. Queen Elizabeth II:
- Queen Elizabeth II is the formal chief of state in Canada.
- She is the constitutional monarch and serves as the head of state.
- As the Queen, she plays a ceremonial role in Canada's government and represents the country both domestically and internationally.
- Although her powers are mostly symbolic, she performs important constitutional duties such as giving royal assent to legislation and appointing the Governor General.
- The Queen's role in Canada is governed by the Constitution Act, 1867, which outlines the powers and responsibilities of the monarch.

2. Governor General:
- The Governor General represents the Queen in Canada and carries out many of her constitutional duties.
- The Governor General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.
- This position is considered the vice-regal representative of the monarch and acts as the ceremonial head of state in the Queen's absence.
- The Governor General performs duties such as opening and closing sessions of Parliament, giving royal assent to legislation, and representing Canada on state visits.
- However, the Governor General's role is largely symbolic, and the Queen retains ultimate authority as the formal chief of state.

3. Monarchy in Canada:
- Canada is a constitutional monarchy, which means that the country recognizes the Queen as the official head of state while also having a democratic system of government.
- The monarchy in Canada is a hereditary institution, and the line of succession is determined by the rules of succession followed by the British monarchy.
- The monarchy has a long history in Canada, dating back to the country's colonial era.
- The role of the monarchy has evolved over time, with the powers of the monarch becoming increasingly symbolic and ceremonial.
- The Queen's position as the formal chief of state in Canada helps to maintain stability and continuity in the country's political system.