The population that retained their rights to property and religious practices on payment of taxes is the Non-Muslim population.

Explanation:
Non-Muslims were allowed to retain their rights to property and religious practices on payment of taxes in certain historical contexts. This was particularly evident during the reign of Muslim rulers in various parts of the world, such as the Mughal Empire in India and the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East.

1. Non-Muslims under Muslim rule:
Under Muslim rule, non-Muslims were often classified as dhimmis, which meant they were protected but had to pay a special tax called jizya. In return for paying this tax, non-Muslims were allowed to practice their own religion and retain their property. This system was designed to provide a degree of protection and religious autonomy for non-Muslims while ensuring their loyalty and financial contributions to the ruling Muslim authorities.

2. Examples from history:
In the Mughal Empire, which spanned much of the Indian subcontinent from the 16th to 19th centuries, non-Muslims such as Hindus and Sikhs were considered dhimmis. They were required to pay jizya but were allowed to maintain their religious practices and property rights. Similarly, in the Ottoman Empire, which lasted from the 14th to the early 20th century, non-Muslims like Christians and Jews were also classified as dhimmis and had to pay a tax known as the "millet system." This tax allowed them to retain their rights to property and religious practices.

3. Justification and impact:
The rationale behind this system was to ensure the financial stability of the ruling Muslim authorities and maintain social order by granting certain rights to non-Muslims. It also aimed to encourage the non-Muslim population to stay loyal and contribute to the overall well-being of the empire. This system had a significant impact on the social and religious fabric of these societies, allowing for a degree of religious diversity and coexistence.

In conclusion, the Non-Muslim population retained their rights to property and religious practices on payment of taxes. This system was implemented by Muslim rulers in various historical contexts, such as the Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire, to ensure the financial stability of the ruling authorities while granting certain rights to non-Muslims.