Kurinji - hilly tract
marudam - plains
neydal - coastal areas
palai - desert

Riverine Tract in Tamilangam: Neythal

The term used for the riverine tract type of landscape in Tamilangam is Neythal. Neythal refers to the coastal region or the land adjacent to the sea. It is one of the five types of landscapes mentioned in the ancient Tamil literature, Sangam literature, which classifies the land into different categories based on their geographical features, fertility, and agricultural potential. The other four landscapes are Kurinji (mountainous region), Mullai (forest region), Marutham (agricultural region), and Palai (arid and desert region).

Explanation of Neythal:
- Neythal is characterized by its proximity to the sea and the presence of rivers, estuaries, backwaters, and coastal plains. It is a low-lying region that experiences the influence of both coastal and inland climates.
- The rivers flowing through Neythal region provide fertile alluvial soil, making it suitable for agriculture. The delta regions of these rivers are known for their rich agricultural practices, especially for cultivating paddy.
- The coastal plains of Neythal are also known for their abundant fisheries resources, as the rivers meet the sea, creating a favorable environment for various marine species.
- Neythal region is also known for its scenic beauty, with picturesque views of the sea, sandy beaches, and backwaters. It attracts tourists and visitors who enjoy the coastal landscapes, water sports, and seafood delicacies.
- The people living in the Neythal region are primarily engaged in agriculture, fishing, and related activities. They rely on the river water for irrigation, and the sea for their livelihoods. Fishing and farming are the major occupations in this area.
- The Neythal region has a unique ecosystem with a diverse range of flora and fauna. The mangrove forests and wetlands along the coast provide habitat for various species of birds, fish, and other aquatic organisms.
- The Neythal region also plays a crucial role in the overall ecological balance, as it acts as a buffer zone against natural disasters such as cyclones and tsunamis. The presence of mangroves helps in mitigating the impact of such calamities.

In conclusion, Neythal is the term used for the riverine tract type of landscape in Tamilangam. It is characterized by its coastal location, presence of rivers, fertile alluvial soil, abundant fisheries resources, and scenic beauty. The Neythal region is of great importance in terms of agriculture, fishing, tourism, and ecological balance.