Gandhiji transformed Indian nationalism in 1922.

Background:

Indian nationalism had been growing since the late 19th century, with leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Krishna Gokhale advocating for greater Indian autonomy and self-rule. However, it was not until the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi on the political scene that Indian nationalism began to take on a more radical, nonviolent character.

Gandhi's early activism:

Gandhi arrived in India in 1915 after spending many years in South Africa where he had fought against apartheid. He quickly became involved in Indian politics and began organizing nonviolent protests against British rule. One of his early successes was the Champaran Satyagraha in 1917, where he helped poor farmers in Bihar who were being forced to grow indigo by British landlords.

Gandhi's leadership:

Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance, or satyagraha, quickly became the driving force behind the Indian nationalist movement. He led several successful campaigns against British rule, including the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-22, which saw millions of Indians refuse to cooperate with British institutions like schools and courts.

The transformation of Indian nationalism:

It was during the Non-Cooperation Movement that Gandhi transformed Indian nationalism. He called for a complete boycott of British goods, and urged Indians to wear only khadi, or hand-spun cloth. This was a radical departure from the previous focus on political reform, and marked a shift towards a more comprehensive campaign for Indian independence.

Conclusion:

In 1922, Gandhi was arrested for his role in the Non-Cooperation Movement, which was ultimately unsuccessful. However, his transformation of Indian nationalism had set the stage for future successes, and he remained a key figure in the Indian independence movement until his death in 1948.