Pakistan withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1972.

Background:
The Commonwealth is an intergovernmental organization of 54 member countries, most of which were former territories of the British Empire. It promotes democracy, human rights, and sustainable economic development among its members. Pakistan became a member of the Commonwealth when it gained independence from British rule in 1947.

Reasons for Pakistan's withdrawal:
1. Bangladesh Liberation War: The main reason for Pakistan's withdrawal from the Commonwealth was its involvement in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The war was fought between East Pakistan (which later became Bangladesh) and West Pakistan. The conflict led to widespread human rights abuses, including mass killings and atrocities committed by the Pakistani army. The international community condemned these actions, and Pakistan faced severe criticism from Commonwealth member countries.

2. Recognition of Bangladesh: In December 1971, Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan, which was followed by a military intervention by India in support of Bangladesh. Many Commonwealth countries recognized Bangladesh as an independent nation, further isolating Pakistan diplomatically.

3. Breakdown of diplomatic relations: Pakistan's withdrawal from the Commonwealth was also influenced by the breakdown of diplomatic relations with several member countries. India, Bangladesh, and other countries severed ties with Pakistan, making it difficult for the country to maintain its membership in the organization.

4. Political instability: In addition to the Bangladesh issue, Pakistan was also facing political instability at the time. The country was under military rule, and the government was unable to effectively handle the domestic and international challenges it faced.

Impact of Pakistan's withdrawal:
Pakistan's withdrawal from the Commonwealth had several consequences:
- It further isolated Pakistan diplomatically, as it lost the support and cooperation of other member countries.
- The country's international reputation was tarnished due to its involvement in the Bangladesh Liberation War and the subsequent human rights abuses.
- Pakistan's withdrawal from the Commonwealth highlighted the challenges it faced in maintaining good relations with neighboring countries and the international community.

Rejoining the Commonwealth:
Pakistan reestablished its membership in the Commonwealth in 1989. The decision to rejoin was made to improve diplomatic relations, rebuild international partnerships, and address issues of political and economic cooperation with other member countries. Since then, Pakistan has actively participated in Commonwealth activities and initiatives.