Introduction:

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization, was one of the earliest and most advanced civilizations in the ancient world. It existed from approximately 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE, and was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, including parts of present-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

The Indus Valley Civilization was characterized by its sophisticated urban planning, advanced irrigation systems, and impressive architecture. The cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were the largest and most prominent of the civilization's urban centers, with populations estimated to have reached up to 80,000 people.

The Indus Valley Civilization was also known for its written language, which has yet to be fully deciphered. The script, known as the Indus script, was written in a series of symbols and pictograms, and was used for both religious and secular purposes.

Despite its many achievements, the Indus Valley Civilization began to decline around 1900 BCE, and its cities were gradually abandoned. The reasons for the civilization's decline are still debated by historians and archaeologists, but theories include climate change, natural disasters, and invasions by foreign tribes.

Today, the Indus Valley Civilization continues to fascinate and intrigue scholars and the general public alike, and its legacy can be seen in the modern cultures of South Asia.

Bhutan