Factors led to the rise of nationalism in Europe:

1. Political and Economic Changes:
- The French Revolution of 1789 spread the ideas of liberty, fraternity, and equality.
- The Napoleonic Wars led to the spread of French revolutionary ideas throughout Europe.
- Industrialization brought about a new social and economic order, which created new opportunities for social mobility.
- The rise of the middle class created a new group of people who were eager to have a greater say in the political process.

2. Cultural and Intellectual Movements:
- Romanticism emphasized the importance of individualism, emotion, and imagination.
- The Enlightenment stressed the importance of reason, science, and progress.
- Nationalism emerged as a cultural and intellectual movement that celebrated the unique cultural traditions and identities of different nations.

3. Wars and Conflicts:
- The Napoleonic Wars led to the spread of French revolutionary ideas throughout Europe and sparked nationalist movements in many countries.
- The revolutions of 1848 led to widespread political upheaval and the rise of nationalist movements in many countries.
- The Crimean War (1853-56) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) both contributed to the growth of nationalism in Europe.

4. Language and Literature:
- The development of standardized languages helped to create a sense of national unity and identity.
- National literature helped to create a shared cultural identity and a sense of pride in one's national heritage.

5. Political Movements:
- Liberalism and democracy promoted the idea of individual rights and freedoms, which encouraged the growth of nationalism.
- Nationalist political parties and movements emerged in many countries, advocating for greater national autonomy and self-determination.

In conclusion, the rise of nationalism in Europe was a complex process that was influenced by a variety of political, economic, cultural, and social factors. These factors interacted with each other in complex ways, leading to the emergence of new ideas, movements, and political structures that helped to shape the modern world.