The largest standing army of the Sultanate, directly paid by the State, was created by Alauddin Khilji

Alauddin Khilji, the second ruler of the Khilji dynasty, is credited with creating the largest standing army of the Sultanate in medieval India. He ruled from 1296 to 1316 and implemented various military reforms to strengthen his military power and centralize control over the vast empire.

Reasons for creating a large standing army:
1. Consolidation of Power: Alauddin Khilji aimed to consolidate his power and establish a strong central authority over his vast empire. By creating a large standing army, he could maintain control over his territories and suppress any rebellions or uprisings more effectively.

2. To ensure internal security: Alauddin faced several challenges to his authority, including internal revolts, regional uprisings, and threats from rival nobles. He believed that a strong army would deter potential rebels and maintain stability within the empire.

3. Expansionist ambitions: Alauddin Khilji had a vision of expanding his empire through military conquest. To fulfill his ambitions, he needed a powerful and well-equipped army that could conquer new territories and defend the existing ones.

Military Reforms by Alauddin Khilji:
1. Military Recruitment: Alauddin introduced a system of recruitment called the 'Dagh' system, where soldiers were given a branding mark on their horses. This helped in maintaining a record of soldiers and their horses, ensuring a large and well-organized army.

2. Regular Payment: Alauddin implemented a policy of regular payment to the soldiers, ensuring their loyalty and commitment. This was a significant departure from the earlier practice of irregular payments, which often led to discontent among the soldiers.

3. Market Control: Alauddin established a market control system, known as the 'Diwan-i-Riyasat', to regulate the prices of essential commodities. This was done to ensure a steady supply of provisions to the army during military campaigns.

4. Military Reforms: Alauddin introduced several military reforms, including the division of the army into separate units called 'Tumanas', each led by a commander called 'Tumandar'. This enhanced the efficiency and coordination of the army during battles.

5. Conquests: Under Alauddin's leadership, the army successfully undertook various military campaigns, including the conquest of Gujarat, Ranthambore, Chittor, and Malwa. These conquests not only expanded the empire but also showcased the military might of the Sultanate.

Legacy of Alauddin Khilji:
Alauddin Khilji's military reforms and the creation of a large standing army had a lasting impact on the Sultanate. His policies strengthened the central authority, expanded the empire, and set a precedent for future rulers to maintain a powerful military force. His military strategies and administrative reforms laid the foundation for the subsequent Mughal Empire and influenced the future course of Indian history.