Two reforms initiated by President Mikhail Gorbachev in the USSR were the policies of perestroika and glasnost.

Perestroika:

Perestroika, which means "restructuring," was a policy aimed at reviving the Soviet economy by introducing market-oriented reforms. Gorbachev believed that the Soviet system was stagnant and inefficient, and that it needed to be restructured to allow for greater efficiency and productivity. Some of the key features of perestroika included:

- Decentralization of economic decision-making
- Encouragement of private enterprise
- Reduction of state control over the economy
- Promotion of foreign investment
- Greater autonomy for republics within the USSR

Perestroika was a significant departure from the command economy that had characterized the Soviet Union for decades. While it was intended to create a more dynamic and prosperous economy, it also led to significant social and political changes that ultimately contributed to the collapse of the USSR.

Glasnost:

Glasnost, which means "openness," was a policy aimed at increasing transparency and accountability within the Soviet system. Gorbachev believed that the Soviet government had become too secretive and corrupt, and that greater openness was needed to restore public trust and confidence. Some of the key features of glasnost included:

- Greater freedom of speech and the press
- Increased transparency in government decision-making
- Greater public participation in political processes
- Reforms to the legal system to improve accountability

Glasnost was intended to create a more democratic and accountable system of government within the USSR. However, it also led to greater political and social unrest, as it exposed the extent of corruption and inefficiency within the Soviet system.

Overall, perestroika and glasnost were significant reforms that aimed to modernize and improve the Soviet system. However, they also contributed to the collapse of the USSR, as they exposed the weaknesses and inefficiencies of the Soviet system and paved the way for greater political and social change.

The two reforms were :
glasnost means openness & perestroika.
it is also given in the world politics tb in the column with the information about Mikhail Gorbachev in ch-2