Raphe

The correct answer is option 'A', which states that the raphe is formed by the union of funicles with the body of the ovule. Let's understand this in detail.

What is an Ovule?
An ovule is a structure found in the ovaries of flowering plants. It is the part of the plant that develops into a seed after fertilization.

Structure of an Ovule
An ovule is typically composed of three main parts:

1. Integuments: These are the protective coverings of the ovule. They enclose the nucellus, which is the central part of the ovule.

2. Funicle: The funicle is a stalk-like structure that connects the ovule to the placenta (the tissue inside the ovary that nourishes the ovule).

3. Hilum: The hilum is the point of attachment of the funicle to the ovule. It is the scar left behind after the ovule is detached from the placenta.

The Raphe
The raphe is a ridge-like structure that is formed by the union of the funicles with the body of the ovule. It runs along the length of the ovule, connecting the hilum to the chalaza.

Function of the Raphe
The raphe plays an important role in seed development and germination. It acts as a pathway for the transfer of nutrients and water between the parent plant and the developing seed. It also helps in anchoring the seed within the fruit.

Other Options
Let's briefly discuss the other options mentioned in the question:

- Distance between chalaza and micropyle: The chalaza is the basal part of the ovule, while the micropyle is the opening through which the pollen tube enters during fertilization. The distance between these two structures can vary depending on the species of plant.

- Distance between hilum and micropyle: The hilum is the point of attachment of the funicle to the ovule, while the micropyle is the opening through which the pollen tube enters. Again, the distance between these two structures can vary.

- Area between hilum and chalaza: This refers to the region between the point of attachment (hilum) and the basal part of the ovule (chalaza). The size and shape of this area can vary among different plant species.

In conclusion, the raphe is formed by the union of funicles with the body of the ovule. It plays a crucial role in seed development and germination by facilitating the transfer of nutrients and water.