The characteristic of research can be described as a combination of direct experience or observation, cyclical nature, and precise judgement. Each of these characteristics plays a crucial role in the research process, contributing to the overall effectiveness and reliability of the findings.

Direct experience or observation:
Research is often based on direct experience or observation of the phenomena being studied. This means that researchers gather data by directly observing the subject matter or by experiencing it firsthand. For example, a researcher studying the behavior of a certain species of animals may spend time in their natural habitat, observing their interactions and collecting relevant data. This characteristic ensures that the research is based on real-world observations and provides a solid foundation for drawing conclusions.

Cyclical:
Research is a cyclical process, meaning that it involves a series of interconnected stages that are repeated as necessary. These stages typically include identifying a research problem, reviewing existing literature, formulating hypotheses or research questions, designing a research methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. This cyclical nature allows researchers to refine their approach, make adjustments, and deepen their understanding of the topic. By repeating these stages, researchers can continually improve their research and build upon previous findings.

Precise judgement:
Another characteristic of research is the need for precise judgement. Researchers must exercise critical thinking skills and make informed decisions throughout the research process. This involves evaluating the quality and relevance of existing literature, selecting appropriate research methods and tools, and interpreting the collected data accurately. Precise judgement ensures that the research is conducted in a rigorous and systematic manner, increasing the credibility and validity of the findings.

Overall:
In conclusion, the characteristic of research encompasses direct experience or observation, cyclical nature, and precise judgement. These characteristics work together to ensure that research is based on real-world observations, allows for iterative improvement, and requires careful decision-making. By adhering to these characteristics, researchers can conduct robust and reliable studies that contribute to the body of knowledge in their respective fields.

D. All of the Above

Refer to CR Kothari Book