**Summary of History Class 8 Last 4 Chapters:**

1. **Chapter 9: Women, Caste, and Reform:**
- This chapter focuses on the social reform movements that took place in the 19th century.
- It discusses the role of women in reform movements, such as the fight against sati, widow remarriage, and women's education.
- The chapter also explores the challenges faced by social reformers in their efforts to bring about change in the rigid caste system.
- It highlights the contributions of reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotiba Phule, and Pandita Ramabai in challenging social norms and advocating for equality.

2. **Chapter 10: The Changing World of Visual Arts:**
- This chapter explores the development of visual arts during the colonial period.
- It discusses the influence of European art styles on Indian artists and the emergence of new art forms like oil paintings, watercolors, and portraits.
- The chapter also highlights the works of famous Indian artists such as Raja Ravi Varma and Abanindranath Tagore, who blended Western techniques with Indian themes.
- It discusses the role of art in fostering national consciousness and cultural identity during the freedom struggle.

3. **Chapter 11: The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947:**
- This chapter provides an overview of the national movement in India during the period of 1870s to 1947.
- It discusses the early nationalist organizations like the Indian National Congress and their strategies to achieve independence from British rule.
- The chapter also explores the emergence of new leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and their methods of non-cooperation, civil disobedience, and mass movements.
- It highlights the various stages of the freedom struggle, including the partition of Bengal, the Swadeshi movement, the Salt March, and the Quit India movement.

4. **Chapter 12: India After Independence:**
- This chapter focuses on the challenges faced by independent India after gaining independence from British rule in 1947.
- It discusses the process of nation-building, the framing of the Indian Constitution, and the establishment of democratic institutions.
- The chapter explores the issues of partition, the integration of princely states, and the challenges of economic development.
- It also examines the role of leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, and B.R. Ambedkar in shaping the new India and promoting social justice.

**NCERT Video Summary: Class 6 to Class 12 (English):**
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I need summary of last 4 chapters of class 8 in pdf format.