Environmental determinism and possibilism

Griffith Taylor introduced a new form of determinism called Neodeterminism or stop and go determinism, which lies between the ideas of environmental determinism and possibilism.

Environmental determinism is the belief that the physical environment, including factors such as climate, topography, and resources, determines the cultural and social development of a society. It suggests that human behavior and societal characteristics are primarily shaped by the environment in which they live. This perspective was prevalent during the late 19th and early 20th centuries when scholars sought to explain the differences in human societies based on their geographic surroundings.

On the other hand, possibilism is a contrasting viewpoint that suggests that while the environment may provide opportunities and constraints, it does not solely determine human behavior. Possibilism argues that humans have the ability to make choices and adapt to their environment. It emphasizes the role of human agency and cultural factors in shaping society.

Neodeterminism or stop and go determinism

Griffith Taylor's neodeterminism, also known as stop and go determinism, bridges the gap between these two ideas. It acknowledges that the environment does play a significant role in shaping human behavior and cultural development, but it also recognizes the agency and choices made by individuals and societies.

Instead of viewing the environment as a deterministic force that completely determines human behavior, neodeterminism suggests that it operates in a stop and go manner. This means that while the environment may provide certain opportunities or constraints, human agency and cultural factors can interrupt or redirect the deterministic influence.

Explanation of the correct answer

The correct answer to the question is option A - environmental determinism and possibilism. This is because Griffith Taylor's neodeterminism is positioned between these two ideas. It takes into account the importance of the environment in shaping human societies but also acknowledges the role of human agency and cultural factors. The other options listed in the question, such as structuralism and postmodernism, Darwinism and Universalism, or humanism and possibilism, do not directly relate to Griffith Taylor's neodeterminism.