In which phase of Indian foreign policy did India conduct the Peaceful nuclear explosion test in 1974 (Pokhran I)?

c) The third phase (1971-91)

Explanation:

India conducted the Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) test, also known as Pokhran I, in 1974 during the third phase of its foreign policy (1971-91). This phase was marked by significant shifts in India's foreign relations and strategic priorities.

1. Shift towards Nuclear Weapons Development:
During the third phase of Indian foreign policy, India made a crucial decision to develop nuclear weapons. The PNE test conducted in Pokhran in 1974 was a milestone in this direction. It demonstrated India's capability to harness nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and marked the beginning of its nuclear program.

2. Context of the Test:
The PNE test was conducted in response to the growing nuclear capabilities of other countries, particularly China's nuclear weapons program. It was a strategic move to maintain a balance of power in the region and ensure India's security. The test was conducted underground to minimize the environmental impact and avoid international criticism.

3. International Response:
The PNE test led to international condemnation and India faced diplomatic repercussions. The test was seen by some countries as a violation of the spirit of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), even though India argued that it was conducted for peaceful purposes. As a result, India faced sanctions and restrictions on nuclear and defense-related technology from several countries.

4. Impact on Foreign Policy:
The PNE test had a significant impact on India's foreign policy during this phase. It led to a more assertive and self-reliant approach in the country's strategic calculations. India pursued a policy of strategic autonomy, maintaining friendly relations with both the Soviet Union and the Western bloc, while asserting its independence in decision-making.

5. Evolution of Nuclear Policy:
The PNE test laid the foundation for India's subsequent nuclear weapons program. It set the stage for the development of nuclear weapons and the eventual nuclear tests conducted in 1998 (Pokhran II). India's nuclear policy evolved further in subsequent phases of its foreign policy.

In conclusion, the Peaceful Nuclear Explosion test conducted in 1974 (Pokhran I) took place during the third phase (1971-91) of India's foreign policy. This phase witnessed the development of India's nuclear program and its assertive stance in strategic calculations.