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When was the International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression established by the United Nations?
  • a)
    1978
  • b)
    1998
  • c)
    2001
  • d)
    2014
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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When was the International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggress...
The International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression was established by the United Nations in 2001. It is observed on June 4th each year to acknowledge and advocate for the rights of children who are victims of physical, mental, and emotional abuse, as well as other forms of aggression in various conflicts around the world.
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Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the resulting economic fallout have thrown four million children into poverty across Eastern Europe and Central Asia, according to a United Nations body report. Children are bearing the heaviest burden of the economic crisis caused by the Ukraine war, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) said in a statement. Children from Russia and Ukraine have suffered the hardest since Moscow's war on its neighbour in February. The report, The impact of the war in Ukraine and subsequent economic downturn on child poverty in Eastern Europe, highlighted that children make up 25 per cent of the population but account for nearly 40 per cent of the additional 10.4 million people experiencing poverty this year. UNICEF obtained its conclusions from an analysis of 22 countries in the region. Russia has experienced the most significant increase in the number of children living in poverty, with an additional 2.8 million children now living in households below the poverty line. This accounts for nearly three-quarters of the total increase across the region, according to the children's body. Ukraine is home to half a million additional children living in poverty, the second largest share.Q. Consider the following statements and mark the correct option.Statement I: United Nations Children's Fund was originally called United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.Statement II: United Nations Children's Fund is entirely funded by private donors.

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act is related to children alleged and found to be in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection by catering to their basic needs through proper care, protection, development, treatment, social re-integration, by adopting a child-friendly approach in the adjudication and disposal of matters in the best interest of children and for their rehabilitation. A juvenile in conflict with law, if apprehended, has to be placed immediately under the care of the special juvenile police unit or a designated child welfare officer. The child has to be produced before the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB). The Supreme Court has made it clear that the police have no right to detain children in conflict with law in a lockup or a jail.Additionally, Section 21 of The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 says "No child in conflict with law shall be sentenced to death or for life imprisonment without the possibility of release, for any such offence, either under the provisions of this Act or under the provisions of the Indian Penal Code or any other law for the time being in force."Maximum sentence which can be imposed is 3 years not beyond that. Once a child is produced before a JJB, bail is the rule. And even if, for some reason, bail is not granted, a child cannot be put behind bars. He has to be lodged either in an observation home or in a place of safety. The law is meant to protect children and not detain them in jail or keep them in police custody. The police cannot torture children.If it comes to the knowledge of the JJBs that a child has been detained in prison or police lockup, they should ensure that the child is immediately granted bail or sent to an observation home or a place of safety.The Act cannot be flouted by anybody, least of all by the police. The concept of justice is limited in itself, and does not address the needs of the child and family. Several times, the victims have an emotional turmoil around the court system itself. It aims to address what the child victim really needs and could even be after the criminal justice system.Q. When any juvenile is arrested such person shall be released on bail unless his release would not pose harm to a larger society. Arun is being prosecuted before the Juvenile Justice Board for having committed murder of one Maharaj by inflicting knife wounds. Arun is admittedly a juvenile. He is volatile by nature, shameless and has no guilty conscious. Based on the authors reasoning and principle of law cited, should the Juvenile Justice Board grant the bail to Arun?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.It is no secret that a number of POCSO cases end in acquittals. While a more uninformed opinion is that the cases themselves might not have been genuine, the grim reality is that there is a gross failure to support and rehabilitate the victim and her family. As a result of this, either the victims turn hostile or the family turns hostile, or they simply lose hope and stop cooperating.Section 33(8) of POCSO provides that in appropriate cases, in addition to punishment, the Special Court may direct payment of compensation to the child for any physical/mental trauma caused to the child or for immediate rehabilitation. Pursuant to the parent Act, the POCSO Rules of 2012 dedicated Rule 7 to the procedure and parameters of providing such compensation. Rule 7(3) enlisted the various parameters/factors to be considered by the Special Court in deciding such compensation, such as gravity of the offence, expenditure incurred/likely to be incurred on medical treatment, loss of educational opportunity, financial conditions, etc. Rule 7(4) and state that after the amount is decided/ granted by the Special Court, it is to be disbursed from the Victim; Compensation Fund or such other scheme by the legal services authority within 30 days of receipt of such order.It is seen that the grant of compensation by Special Courts under POCSO is both sporadic and erratic. There is also confusion as to who is to apply for compensation on behalf of the victim, with many victims under the impression that the investigating officer would apply for compensation on their behalf. To top it off, even in cases where the compensation was granted by the Special Court, the amounts were rather inconsistent and arbitrary, some being as meagre as Rs. 10,000 .These issues were raised and argued at length in a PIL filed in the Delhi High Court back in 2016. While the matter was still being heard in the High Court in the captioned PIL, the Supreme Court passed a significant direction on the aspect of compensation under POCSO in Nipun Saxena & Anr v. Union of India \& Ors. It was directed that the Special Court, upon receipt of information as to the commission of any offence under the Act by the registration of FIR, shall on his own or on the application of the victim make an enquiry as to the immediate needs of the child for relief or rehabilitation and pass appropriate order for interim compensation. It was further held that if the court declines to grant interim or final compensation it shall record its reasons for not doing so. Nipun Saxena's case was preceded by another pertinent judgment passed under POCSO by the Supreme Court in Alakh Alok Srivastava v. UOI, wherein the Apex Court directed for each High Court to constitute a three-judge committee to regulate and monitor the progress of trials under POCSO. In addition, each state was directed to constitute a Special Task Force to ensure that investigation is properly conducted under POCSO.It was the Unnao Rape case and the Supreme Court's suo moto cognizance of it that truly brought many of these issues to the fore. The Supreme Court noted that timelines of the Act are not being followed at all. Besides granting interim compensation of Rs. 25 lakh to the victim, the Supreme Court directed that in each district in the country (if there are more than 100 POCSO cases) an exclusive Special Court will be set up, which will try no offence except those under POCSO Act. Though the Court had granted 60 days for the same, the process of setting up and functioning of these courts all over the country is still underway.The advent of the new POCSO Rules, 2020 and the directions of the Supreme Court in 2018-2019 have given a sliver of hope to POCSO victims. As is with all laws, the implementation on the ground is a whole new ball game from the promulgation of the law itself. It remains to be seen whether these new developments provide the care and rehabilitation that POCSO victims need and deserve.Q. Piyali is the daughter of Rajat. One day when Rajat was out his neighbour entered the house and finding Piyali alone tried to molest her. Knowing this Rajat filed a case in the court. Under which act the neighbour will be liable?

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When was the International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression established by the United Nations?a)1978b)1998c)2001d)2014Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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