What are the key sociological theories or perspectives studied in sociology for Class 12?

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The key sociological theories or perspectives studied in sociology for Class 12:

1. Structural Functionalism:

Structural functionalism is a theoretical perspective that views society as a system with interconnected parts that work together to maintain social order and stability. It focuses on the functions and dysfunctions of social structures and institutions.

2. Conflict Theory:

Conflict theory emphasizes the role of power and inequality in society. It argues that society is characterized by competition and conflict between different social groups, such as the rich and the poor. Conflict theorists analyze how these power dynamics shape social relationships and institutions.

3. Symbolic Interactionism:

Symbolic interactionism examines how individuals interact with each other and how they interpret and give meaning to symbols and gestures. It emphasizes the role of communication, language, and symbols in shaping social interactions and the construction of reality.

4. Feminist Theory:

Feminist theory explores the social, political, and economic inequalities between men and women. It aims to understand and challenge gender oppression and advocate for gender equality. Feminist theorists analyze the ways in which gender intersects with other social categories, such as race and class.

5. Socialization Theory:

Socialization theory focuses on how individuals learn and internalize social norms, values, and behaviors through socialization processes. It examines how socialization influences identity formation and the development of individuals within society.

6. Rational Choice Theory:

Rational choice theory assumes that individuals make decisions based on rational calculations and self-interest. It analyzes how individuals weigh the costs and benefits of different actions and choices, and how these decisions shape social outcomes and interactions.

7. Social Stratification Theory:

Social stratification theory examines the hierarchical division of individuals and groups within society based on factors such as wealth, power, and social status. It analyzes how social inequality is perpetuated and reproduced through social structures and institutions.

8. Postmodernism:

Postmodernism challenges the idea of a single, objective truth or reality. It emphasizes the diversity, complexity, and ambiguity of social phenomena. Postmodern theorists critique grand narratives and question the stability and coherence of social structures and identities.

Overall, these theoretical perspectives provide different lenses through which sociologists analyze and understand social phenomena and processes. Students studying sociology in Class 12 will explore these theories to gain a comprehensive understanding of society and its complexities.

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