- Climatology: Questions related to atmospheric circulation patterns, weather systems, and climate change have been commonly asked.
- Geomorphology: Questions on landforms, river systems, glaciation, and coastal processes have been frequently repeated.
- Biogeography: Topics like ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation have been recurring themes in previous papers.


- Population Geography: Questions related to population growth, migration, and urbanization have been commonly asked.
- Economic Geography: Topics like agriculture, industry, trade, and globalization have been recurring themes.
- Political Geography: Questions on geopolitics, borders, and international relations have been frequently repeated.


- India: Several questions on the physical, economic, and social geography of India have been asked.
- World: Questions related to regional geography of different continents, countries, or regions have been recurring themes.


- Philosophical and theoretical aspects of geography have been a part of previous papers.
- Perspectives on human-environment interactions, spatial analysis, and geographical theories have been recurring themes.


- Cartography: Questions on map projections, scale, and types of maps have been commonly asked.
- Remote Sensing and GIS: Topics like satellite imagery interpretation, data analysis, and applications of GIS have been recurring themes.


- Questions related to environmental issues, sustainable development, natural resource management, and conservation have been frequently repeated.


- Various aspects of disaster management, including risk assessment, mitigation strategies, and disaster response, have been recurring themes.


- Questions on physical geography, climate, natural resources, agricultural patterns, industrial development, and regional disparities within India have been commonly asked.


- Questions related to physical geography, economic development, cultural regions, and geopolitical issues of different continents, countries, or regions have been frequently repeated.

Overall, the UPSC Geography Optional papers have covered a wide range of topics in physical geography, human geography, regional geography, geographical thought, techniques, environmental geography, disaster management, and the geography of India and the world. It is important to have a comprehensive understanding of these themes and patterns to prepare effectively for the examination.