There are several psychological theories and approaches that are emphasized within the psychology syllabus. These theories provide a framework for understanding human behavior, cognition, and emotions. Some of the key theories and approaches that are often covered in the psychology syllabus include:

1. Psychoanalysis:
- Developed by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior. It emphasizes the role of early childhood experiences in shaping personality and the use of techniques such as free association and dream analysis to access the unconscious.

2. Behaviorism:
- Behaviorism, associated with psychologists like B.F. Skinner and John Watson, focuses on observable behavior and the environmental factors that influence it. It emphasizes the use of reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior and rejects the study of internal mental processes.

3. Cognitive Psychology:
- Cognitive psychology examines mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving. It focuses on how individuals process information, make decisions, and solve problems. Key figures in this approach include Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura.

4. Humanistic Psychology:
- Humanistic psychology, associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes the potential for personal growth and self-actualization. It focuses on individuals' subjective experiences, self-concept, and the importance of positive regard and empathy in therapy.

5. Biological Psychology:
- Biological psychology explores the relationship between the brain, genetics, and behavior. It examines how biological processes and structures influence psychological functioning. This approach often incorporates neuroimaging techniques and studies the effects of neurotransmitters, hormones, and genetic factors.

6. Social Psychology:
- Social psychology examines how social interactions, group dynamics, and social influences shape behavior and attitudes. It explores topics such as conformity, obedience, prejudice, and interpersonal relationships. Key researchers in this field include Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram.

7. Developmental Psychology:
- Developmental psychology focuses on the study of human growth and development across the lifespan. It examines physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes that occur from infancy to old age. Theories such as Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory and Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory are often covered.

These theories and approaches provide a foundation for understanding various aspects of human psychology and behavior. By studying them, students gain insights into the complexities of the human mind and behavior, and learn how different factors interact to shape individual and group behavior.