Classical Conditioning:
- Ivan Pavlov's Experiment: One of the most famous experiments in classical conditioning was conducted by Ivan Pavlov in the late 19th century. He used dogs as his subjects and observed their salivary responses to food. Pavlov noticed that the dogs began to salivate even before they were presented with food, but rather when they heard the sound of a bell that was consistently paired with the presentation of food. This experiment demonstrated how a neutral stimulus (the bell) could become associated with a natural response (salivation) through repeated pairings.

Operant Conditioning:
- B.F. Skinner's Skinner Box: B.F. Skinner conducted numerous experiments using his operant conditioning chamber, also known as the Skinner Box. In these experiments, animals such as rats or pigeons were placed inside the box and taught to perform certain behaviors in order to receive rewards or avoid punishments. This research focused on how behaviors are shaped through consequences and reinforcement.

Observational Learning:
- Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment: Albert Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the power of observational learning. In this experiment, children observed an adult model behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The children were then placed in a room with the doll and their behavior was observed. Bandura found that the children who witnessed the aggressive model were more likely to imitate the same aggressive behaviors towards the doll. This study highlighted how individuals learn by observing and imitating the behaviors of others.

Cognitive Learning:
- Edward Tolman's Maze Experiment: Edward Tolman conducted experiments using rats navigating mazes to study cognitive learning. In one experiment, he placed rats in a maze and observed their behavior as they learned to find food at the end of the maze. Tolman found that the rats developed cognitive maps of the maze, suggesting that they were learning and forming mental representations of the environment. This research challenged the behaviorist perspective and emphasized the role of cognitive processes in learning.

Overall, these case studies and experiments have significantly contributed to our understanding of learning and conditioning processes. They have provided insights into the mechanisms of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning, and cognitive learning. By studying these experiments, one can gain a deeper understanding of how learning occurs and the various factors that influence it.