Introduction:
Qualitative research methods and techniques provide valuable insights into understanding complex social phenomena. They involve collecting and analyzing non-numerical data, such as interviews, observations, and documents, to gain a deep understanding of the subject under study. To illustrate the practical applications of these methods and techniques, case studies and examples can be used effectively.

1. Ethnography:
- Case study: A researcher conducting an ethnographic study on a rural community can provide a detailed account of their experiences living with the community, participating in their daily activities, and observing their customs and traditions.
- Example: An ethnographic study on the impact of globalization on indigenous tribes can describe the changes in their lifestyle, language, and social structure as a result of increased interaction with the outside world.

2. Phenomenology:
- Case study: A researcher conducting a phenomenological study on the experience of living with chronic pain can present an in-depth analysis of interviews with individuals suffering from chronic pain, capturing their subjective experiences and meanings attached to their condition.
- Example: A phenomenological study on the experience of motherhood can explore the emotions, challenges, and changes faced by women during pregnancy, childbirth, and early motherhood.

3. Grounded Theory:
- Case study: A researcher implementing grounded theory can provide a detailed account of the iterative process of data collection and analysis, including coding, categorization, and theoretical sampling.
- Example: A grounded theory study on the process of decision-making in organizations can highlight the emergence of core categories, relationships, and the development of a theoretical framework based on the data collected.

4. Narrative Analysis:
- Case study: A researcher using narrative analysis can present an individual's life story, emphasizing the key themes, plotlines, and character development.
- Example: A narrative analysis of personal diaries during wartime can reveal the emotions, experiences, and coping strategies of individuals living in conflict zones.

Conclusion:
Using case studies and examples to illustrate the practical applications of qualitative research methods and techniques in Paper II provides concrete and relatable instances for understanding their implementation. These examples help students comprehend the nuanced approaches and gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter.