- Realism is a dominant theory in international relations that emphasizes the pursuit of power and national interest.
- Key proponents include Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz.
- Realism assumes that states are the primary actors, and their actions are driven by self-interest and the desire for survival.
- It also emphasizes the importance of military power and the balance of power in shaping international relations.


- Liberalism is another major theory that focuses on cooperation, international institutions, and the promotion of democracy and human rights.
- Key proponents include Immanuel Kant and John Locke.
- Liberalism argues that states can achieve mutual benefit through cooperation and the establishment of international norms and institutions.
- It also emphasizes the role of non-state actors, such as international organizations and non-governmental organizations, in shaping global politics.


- Constructivism is a relatively newer theory that emphasizes the role of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping international relations.
- Key proponents include Alexander Wendt and Martha Finnemore.
- Constructivism argues that states' behavior is influenced by social norms and shared understandings, rather than just material interests.
- It highlights the importance of culture, language, and historical context in shaping state behavior and international outcomes.


- Feminism is a critical theory that seeks to analyze and challenge gender inequalities in international relations.
- Key proponents include Cynthia Enloe and J. Ann Tickner.
- Feminism argues that traditional theories often overlook the gendered dynamics and experiences in international politics.
- It highlights the need to incorporate gender perspectives and promote gender equality in policymaking and international relations.


- Marxism is a socio-economic theory that focuses on the role of economic factors in shaping international relations.
- Key proponents include Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
- Marxism argues that international relations are driven by class struggle and the pursuit of economic interests.
- It emphasizes the role of capitalism and imperialism in perpetuating inequalities and conflicts at the global level.


Understanding these key theories and frameworks in international relations is essential for analyzing and interpreting the complex dynamics of global politics. Each theory provides different perspectives, highlighting various factors and aspects that influence state behavior and international outcomes. By studying these theories, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of the motivations, interactions, and power dynamics at play in the international arena.