Key Topics Covered in Paper-II of the Agriculture Optional Subject Syllabus:

Agricultural Extension:
- Concept, scope, and importance of agricultural extension
- Extension methodologies and approaches
- Role of ICT in agricultural extension
- Transfer of technology in agriculture
- Extension programme planning and evaluation

Agricultural Economics:
- Nature and scope of agricultural economics
- Farm management and production economics
- Agricultural finance and credit
- Agricultural marketing and price analysis
- Agricultural trade and policies

Agricultural Statistics:
- Uses and limitations of agricultural statistics
- Data collection methods in agriculture
- Sampling techniques and sample surveys
- Statistical analysis and interpretation of data
- Agricultural forecasting and time series analysis

Plant Breeding and Genetics:
- Principles and methods of plant breeding
- Modes of reproduction and inheritance
- Breeding for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance
- Breeding for quality traits and resistance to diseases
- Plant genetic resources and their conservation

Seed Technology:
- Seed production and processing
- Seed storage and testing
- Seed certification and quality control
- Seed marketing and entrepreneurship
- Intellectual property rights in seed technology

Agricultural Physiology:
- Plant growth and development
- Photosynthesis and respiration
- Water relations and mineral nutrition
- Crop response to environmental factors
- Post-harvest physiology and storage

Agricultural Entomology:
- Economic importance of insects in agriculture
- Insect morphology and classification
- Insect-pest management strategies
- Insecticides and their application
- Biological control of insect pests

Agricultural Pathology:
- Causes and symptoms of plant diseases
- Principles of plant pathology
- Disease management and control measures
- Diagnosis and detection of plant diseases
- Quarantine and biosecurity measures

Agricultural Engineering:
- Farm machinery and equipment
- Soil and water conservation techniques
- Irrigation and drainage systems
- Post-harvest technology and processing
- Renewable energy sources in agriculture

Agricultural Microbiology:
- Microorganisms in soil fertility and plant nutrition
- Microbial interactions in agriculture
- Microbial diseases of plants and animals
- Microbial products and their applications in agriculture
- Biofertilizers and biopesticides

Horticulture:
- Importance and scope of horticulture
- Fruit production and post-harvest management
- Vegetable production and protected cultivation
- Floriculture and landscape gardening
- Medicinal and aromatic plants

Animal Husbandry:
- Livestock production and management
- Poultry farming and hatchery management
- Dairy farming and milk processing
- Animal nutrition and feeding practices
- Animal health and veterinary care

Fisheries Science:
- Fish production and management
- Fish breeding and hatchery management
- Fish nutrition and feed formulation
- Fish diseases and their control
- Fish processing and value addition