Overview of Major Topics Covered in Paper I of Philosophy Optional:

< b="" />1. Ancient Indian Philosophy< />
- The major schools of thought in ancient Indian philosophy, such as Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa, and Vedanta.
- The concepts and theories discussed in these schools, including the nature of reality, the concept of self, epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics.
- The contributions of ancient Indian philosophers like Kanada, Kapila, Patanjali, and Gautama.

< b="" />2. Medieval Indian Philosophy< />
- The development of philosophical thought in India during the medieval period.
- The schools of thought that emerged during this period, including the Bhakti and Sufi traditions, as well as the philosophical ideas of philosophers like Ramanuja, Madhva, and Vallabha.
- The influence of Islamic philosophy on Indian thought during this period.

< b="" />3. Modern Indian Thinkers< />
- The philosophical ideas of modern Indian thinkers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, Sri Aurobindo, and Mahatma Gandhi.
- The contributions of these thinkers to various fields, including social and political philosophy, ethics, and metaphysics.
- The relevance of their ideas in the contemporary Indian context.

< b="" />4. Western Philosophy< />
- The major schools of thought in Western philosophy, including rationalism, empiricism, idealism, pragmatism, and existentialism.
- The ideas and theories put forth by philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, and Sartre.
- The impact of Western philosophy on various aspects of human life, such as science, politics, ethics, and religion.

< b="" />5. Logic< />
- The basic concepts and principles of logical reasoning, including deductive and inductive reasoning, fallacies, syllogisms, and propositional and predicate logic.
- The application of logic in various fields, such as mathematics, science, and philosophy.
- The relevance of logical reasoning in everyday life and its role in critical thinking and problem-solving.