< b="" />Case Studies and Examples for Management Optional Subject< />

< b="" />1. Henri Fayol's Administrative Theory< />
- Henri Fayol was a French mining engineer and the founder of the administrative theory of management.
- His theory focuses on five key functions of management: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
- One of the case studies that can be studied is the management of a manufacturing company where Fayol's principles were applied to improve efficiency and productivity.
- The company implemented a systematic planning process, organized work based on specialization, established clear lines of authority, coordinated activities between departments, and implemented control measures to monitor progress.

< b="" />2. Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Studies< />
- Elton Mayo conducted a series of experiments known as the Hawthorne Studies to understand the impact of physical and psychological factors on worker productivity.
- One of the case studies that can be studied is the Western Electric plant where the experiments were conducted.
- The studies revealed that factors such as lighting, rest breaks, and social interactions significantly influenced worker productivity.
- Based on these findings, the management implemented changes such as improving lighting conditions, providing regular breaks, and promoting teamwork, which resulted in increased productivity and job satisfaction.

< b="" />3. Peter Drucker's Management by Objectives (MBO)< />
- Peter Drucker introduced the concept of Management by Objectives (MBO), which emphasizes setting specific goals and objectives for individuals and aligning them with the overall organizational goals.
- One of the case studies that can be studied is the implementation of MBO in a software development company.
- The management set clear objectives for each department and individual, and regular performance reviews were conducted to track progress.
- This approach improved transparency, accountability, and motivation among employees, leading to better performance and achievement of organizational goals.

< b="" />4. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs< />
- Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation emphasizes the importance of fulfilling hierarchical needs to drive individual behavior and performance.
- One of the case studies that can be studied is the implementation of Maslow's theory in a healthcare organization.
- The management recognized the importance of fulfilling basic physiological and safety needs of employees, such as providing proper working conditions and job security.
- As a result, employee satisfaction and motivation increased, leading to improved patient care and overall organizational performance.

Overall, these case studies and examples provide practical insights into various management theories and their application in real-world scenarios. Understanding these examples can help students of the Management optional subject gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter.