Taxonomy refers to the science of classification and naming of organisms. It involves the identification, description, and classification of plants based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships.


Morphology is the study of the form and structure of plants. It includes the examination of various plant parts such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits, and their functions.


Anatomy deals with the internal structure of plants. It involves the study of tissues, cells, and their organization within different plant organs.


Physiology focuses on the study of the functioning of plants. It includes the investigation of various physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, growth, and development.


Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It involves understanding the relationships between plants, other organisms, and their physical surroundings.


Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation. It includes the understanding of how traits are passed on from one generation to another in plants.


Evolution refers to the process of gradual change in the inherited characteristics of organisms over successive generations. It involves the study of how plants have evolved and diversified over time.


Plant physiology focuses on the study of the functioning and processes of plants. It includes the exploration of plant growth, development, metabolism, and responses to environmental stimuli.


Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases, their causes, and management. It involves the identification, understanding, and control of various pathogens that affect plants.


Plant breeding is the science of improving plants through controlled mating and selection. It includes the development of new plant varieties with desirable traits such as disease resistance, increased yield, and better quality.

By familiarizing yourself with these botanical terms and their definitions, you will have a solid foundation in the key concepts of botany, which will be beneficial for your UPSC Botany optional subject exam.