In the syllabus of UPSC, there are several case studies mentioned that focus on the identification of minerals. These case studies provide practical examples to understand the characteristics, properties, and identification techniques of different minerals.


Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals on Earth. Its identification is crucial due to its various industrial applications. The case study involves examining the physical properties and conducting specific tests to identify quartz:

- Physical properties: Quartz has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, a vitreous luster, and conchoidal fracture.
- Identification tests: A scratch test can be performed using materials with different hardness levels to determine its hardness. Additionally, its crystal structure can be observed under a microscope.


Calcite is a common mineral found in rocks and has important applications in construction and agriculture. The case study focuses on identifying calcite based on its properties:

- Physical properties: Calcite has a hardness of 3 on the Mohs scale, a vitreous to pearly luster, and a rhombohedral cleavage.
- Identification tests: Calcite can be identified by its reaction to acid, as it effervesces when exposed to weak acids such as vinegar. This reaction confirms its carbonate composition.


Hematite is an iron oxide mineral and is widely used as an ore of iron. The case study involves the identification of hematite using its distinctive properties:

- Physical properties: Hematite has a hardness of 5.5-6.5 on the Mohs scale, a metallic to earthy luster, and a reddish-brown streak.
- Identification tests: A streak test can be performed by rubbing the mineral on an unglazed porcelain plate, resulting in a reddish-brown streak. Magnetic properties can also be tested using a magnet, as hematite is weakly attracted to magnets.


The syllabus of UPSC includes case studies that focus on the identification of minerals such as quartz, calcite, and hematite. These case studies help candidates understand the physical properties, identification tests, and practical applications of minerals. By studying these case studies, candidates can develop a comprehensive understanding of mineral identification, which is essential for various fields such as geology, mining, and materials science.