Major Types of Natural Hazards:

1. Geological Hazards:
- Earthquakes: Earthquakes occur due to the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, causing shaking and ground rupture. They can result in significant damage to infrastructure, loss of life, and economic losses.
- Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic eruptions release lava, ash, gases, and pyroclastic materials. They can cause destruction of nearby settlements, respiratory problems, and disruption of air travel.
- Tsunamis: Tsunamis are large ocean waves triggered by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. They can cause widespread coastal destruction and loss of life.

2. Meteorological Hazards:
- Hurricanes and Typhoons: These intense tropical storms form over warm ocean waters and have high winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges. They can cause extensive damage to buildings, infrastructure, and coastal areas.
- Tornadoes: Tornadoes are violent rotating columns of air that can cause severe damage in a short period. They often occur during thunderstorms and can destroy buildings and uproot trees.
- Thunderstorms: Thunderstorms are accompanied by lightning, heavy rain, strong winds, and sometimes hail. They can cause flash floods, damage structures, and pose risks of lightning strikes.

3. Hydrological Hazards:
- Floods: Floods occur when water overflows onto normally dry land. They can be caused by heavy rainfall, melting snow, dam failures, or coastal storms. Floods can lead to property damage, displacement of people, and waterborne diseases.
- Droughts: Droughts are prolonged periods of abnormally low rainfall, resulting in water scarcity, crop failure, and depletion of water resources. They can lead to food insecurity, economic losses, and social unrest.

4. Climatological Hazards:
- Heatwaves: Heatwaves are prolonged periods of excessively hot weather, often accompanied by high humidity. They can cause heat-related illnesses, power outages, and increased mortality rates, especially among vulnerable populations.
- Wildfires: Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that rapidly spread through vegetation, fueled by dry conditions and strong winds. They can destroy habitats, homes, and infrastructure, as well as pose health risks from smoke inhalation.

5. Biological Hazards:
- Epidemics/Pandemics: Epidemics and pandemics are outbreaks of infectious diseases that spread rapidly among populations. They can result in high mortality rates, strain healthcare systems, and disrupt economies.

Natural hazards pose significant risks to human lives, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Understanding their characteristics and implementing effective mitigation and preparedness measures are crucial for minimizing their impact and ensuring the safety and resilience of communities.