Introduction:
The introduction is a crucial part of an essay-type answer as it sets the tone for the entire response. It should grab the reader's attention and provide a clear roadmap of the main points to be discussed. Here are some effective techniques for introducing your essay-type answers:

1. Start with a captivating hook: Begin your introduction with an attention-grabbing statement, such as a bold fact, a thought-provoking question, or a relevant quote. This will pique the reader's interest and make them want to continue reading.

2. Provide background information: Give a brief overview of the topic or context to provide necessary background information. This will help the reader understand the subject matter and its significance.

3. Present a thesis statement: Clearly state your main argument or thesis in a concise and specific manner. This should be a one-sentence summary of what your essay will be discussing.

Conclusion:
The conclusion is the final opportunity to leave a lasting impression on the reader and summarize the main points discussed in your essay-type answer. It should bring closure to your response and reinforce the significance of your arguments. Here are some effective techniques for concluding your essay-type answers:

1. Summarize key points: Briefly recapitulate the main arguments or points presented in your essay. This helps the reader remember the key takeaways from your response.

2. Restate the thesis statement: Remind the reader of your main argument or thesis statement. However, avoid simply copying and pasting it; instead, rephrase it in a way that shows the progression of your thoughts throughout the essay.

3. Provide a final thought or call to action: End your conclusion with a thought-provoking statement, a suggestion for further research, or a call to action. This will leave the reader thinking about the topic even after they have finished reading.

In conclusion, a well-crafted introduction and conclusion are essential for effectively structuring your essay-type answers. By using attention-grabbing techniques in the introduction and summarizing key points in the conclusion, you can create a compelling and cohesive response that engages the reader from start to finish.