Identifying and evaluating trade-offs in case studies is crucial for decision-making and problem-solving. It involves analyzing the potential gains and losses associated with different options or choices. Here are some specific techniques that can be used to identify and evaluate trade-offs in case studies:

1. Clearly Define Objectives:
- Begin by clearly defining the objectives and goals of the case study. This will help in identifying the relevant trade-offs that need to be considered.

2. Identify Alternatives:
- Identify the different alternatives or options available in the case study. These alternatives could be different strategies, policies, or actions that can be taken to achieve the objectives.

3. List Pros and Cons:
- Make a comprehensive list of the advantages (pros) and disadvantages (cons) associated with each alternative. This will help in identifying the trade-offs involved.

4. Quantify the Trade-offs:
- Assign values or weights to each advantage and disadvantage to quantify the trade-offs. This can be done using various techniques such as cost-benefit analysis, multi-criteria decision analysis, or decision trees.

5. Assess Probability and Impact:
- Assess the probability and impact of each advantage and disadvantage. This will help in understanding the likelihood and severity of the trade-offs.

6. Consider Stakeholder Perspectives:
- Take into account the perspectives and preferences of different stakeholders. Different stakeholders may have different priorities and preferences, and their inputs can help in evaluating the trade-offs from various angles.

7. Conduct Sensitivity Analysis:
- Perform sensitivity analysis to assess the robustness of the trade-offs. This involves testing the impact of varying assumptions or parameters on the trade-offs to understand their sensitivity to changes.

8. Prioritize Trade-offs:
- Prioritize the trade-offs based on their importance and relevance to the objectives. Some trade-offs may have a higher impact or be more critical than others, and prioritizing them can aid decision-making.

9. Make Informed Decisions:
- Finally, use the information gathered through the above techniques to make informed decisions. Consider the identified trade-offs and their implications while selecting the most suitable alternative.

By using these techniques to identify and evaluate trade-offs in case studies, decision-makers can make well-informed choices that consider the potential gains and losses associated with different options.