1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology:
- General microbiology
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
- Structure and reproduction of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae
- Principles of plant pathology
- Diseases of important crop plants and their control measures

2. Cryptogams:
- Algae: Classification, structure, reproduction, economic importance
- Fungi: Classification, morphology, reproduction, economic importance
- Bryophytes: Structure, reproduction, classification, economic importance
- Pteridophytes: Structure, reproduction, classification, economic importance

3. Phanerogams:
- Gymnosperms: Classification, structure, reproduction, economic importance
- Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology, floral biology, and economic importance

4. Plant Anatomy and Embryology:
- Tissues and tissue systems in plants
- Anatomy of root, stem, and leaf
- Secondary growth in dicot and monocot stems
- Development of male and female gametophytes in angiosperms
- Fertilization, endosperm formation, and embryo development


1. Cell Biology and Genetics:
- Structure and function of cell organelles
- Cell cycle and cell division
- Mendelian genetics
- Chromosomal theory of inheritance
- Gene interactions and linkage
- Chromosomal aberrations

2. Biotechnology:
- Principles and processes of genetic engineering
- Recombinant DNA technology
- Plant tissue culture and its applications
- Molecular markers and their applications

3. Plant Physiology:
- Water relations of plants
- Mineral nutrition and ion transport
- Photosynthesis and photorespiration
- Respiration and lipid metabolism
- Plant growth and development
- Plant hormones and their role in growth and development

4. Ecology and Plant Geography:
- Ecosystems and their components
- Energy flow in ecosystems
- Nutrient cycling in ecosystems
- Ecological succession and community ecology
- Biodiversity and conservation
- Plant geography and vegetation types