This method involves formulating different feed mixtures and testing them on animals to determine their performance. It requires continuous adjustment and refinement based on the observed results.


The Pearson Square method is a simple technique used to determine the proportions of two or more feed ingredients needed to achieve a desired nutrient concentration. It involves creating a balance between two feeds with known nutrient contents.


This method aims to minimize the cost of feed while meeting the nutrient requirements of the animal. It involves using mathematical models and computer software to optimize the combination of feed ingredients.


Linear programming is a mathematical technique used to optimize resource allocation. It considers multiple constraints, such as nutrient requirements, ingredient availability, and cost, to develop an optimal feed formulation.




- Poultry feed should be formulated to meet the specific nutrient requirements of different growth stages (starter, grower, finisher).
- It should contain a balanced combination of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
- Common ingredients include corn, soybean meal, wheat, and fish meal.
- Rations should be adjusted based on the breed, age, and purpose of the birds.


- Cattle feed formulations should consider the animal's age, weight, stage of production (e.g., growth, maintenance, lactation), and desired rate of gain.
- Rations typically include forages (hay, silage, pasture) and concentrates (grains, protein supplements).
- The nutrient composition should meet the animal's energy, protein, mineral, and vitamin requirements.


- Swine feed formulation should consider the pig's age, weight, and production stage (farrowing, nursery, finishing).
- Diets should provide adequate energy, protein, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.
- Common ingredients include corn, soybean meal, wheat, and various protein supplements.
- Rations should be adjusted to promote optimal growth and minimize feed wastage.


- Fish feed formulation depends on the species, life stage, and production system.
- It should provide essential nutrients for growth, reproduction, and overall health.
- Ingredients commonly used include fishmeal, soybean meal, wheat, and vegetable oils.
- Rations should be formulated to achieve optimal feed conversion ratio and minimize environmental impact.

In conclusion, animal feed formulation and rationing involves various methods such as trial and error, Pearson Square, least-cost formulation, and linear programming. Each species has specific nutrient requirements, and the rations should be tailored accordingly. Poultry, cattle, swine, and fish have different feed formulations to meet their respective needs. It is important to consider factors such as age, weight, and production stage when formulating feed rations to ensure optimal animal performance and health.