International Agreements and Protocols related to the subject

1. Paris Agreement (2015)
The Paris Agreement is an international treaty under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that aims to combat climate change. It sets the goal of limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Key features of the agreement include:

- Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Each country submits its own plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Transparency Mechanism: Requires countries to regularly report on their emissions and progress towards their targets.
- Adaptation and Mitigation: Encourages countries to enhance their adaptive capacity and support the transfer of technology and finance to developing nations.

2. Kyoto Protocol (1997)
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that extends the UNFCCC and commits its signatories to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Key features include:

- Emission Reduction Targets: Sets binding emission reduction targets for developed countries.
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): Allows developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries as a means of meeting their own targets.
- Joint Implementation (JI): Allows countries with emission reduction commitments to earn credits by investing in emission reduction projects in other developed countries.

3. Montreal Protocol (1987)
The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Key features include:

- ODS Phase-Out Schedule: Sets specific timelines for the reduction and elimination of ODS.
- Multilateral Fund: Provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries to support their compliance with the protocol.
- Technology Transfer: Encourages the transfer of environmentally friendly technologies to developing countries.

4. Basel Convention (1989)
The Basel Convention is an international treaty that aims to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between countries. Key features include:

- Prior Informed Consent: Requires countries to obtain the consent of the receiving country before exporting hazardous waste.
- Environmentally Sound Management: Promotes the environmentally sound management of hazardous waste.
- Financial Mechanism: Establishes a financial mechanism to provide technical and financial assistance to developing countries.

5. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982)
UNCLOS is an international treaty that provides a comprehensive framework for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and their resources. Key features include:

- Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): Grants coastal states sovereign rights over the exploration and exploitation of marine resources in their EEZs.
- International Seabed Authority (ISA): Regulates deep-sea mining activities in the international seabed area.
- Marine Environmental Protection: Sets forth principles and regulations for the protection and preservation of the marine environment.

These international agreements and protocols play a crucial role in addressing global issues related to climate change, ozone depletion, hazardous waste management, and ocean conservation. They promote cooperation among nations and establish mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing compliance with environmental goals and regulations.