Transportation engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that deals with the planning, design, construction, and operation of transportation systems. It involves the application of various principles and techniques to ensure the efficient and safe movement of people and goods. Here are some specific transportation engineering principles and techniques covered in the optional subject:


- Traffic flow analysis: This involves studying the movement of vehicles, pedestrians, and other road users to determine traffic patterns and identify congestion points.
- Traffic signal design: It includes the design and optimization of traffic signal timings to improve traffic flow and reduce delays.
- Intersection design: This focuses on designing safe and efficient intersections, considering factors such as traffic volume, turning movements, and pedestrian crossings.
- Road geometry: It involves designing road alignments, vertical and horizontal curves, and cross-sections to ensure safe and comfortable travel.


- Pavement materials selection: This involves selecting appropriate materials for road construction, considering factors such as traffic volume, climate, and soil conditions.
- Pavement thickness design: It includes determining the required thickness of pavement layers to ensure adequate structural capacity and durability.
- Pavement maintenance and rehabilitation: This focuses on designing strategies for maintaining and rehabilitating existing pavements to extend their service life.


- Travel demand forecasting: This involves predicting future travel demand based on population growth, economic trends, and other factors to inform infrastructure planning.
- Modal split analysis: It includes analyzing the distribution of travel demand among different modes of transportation, such as cars, buses, trains, and bicycles.
- Transport network design: This focuses on designing transportation networks, including roads, railways, and public transit systems, to efficiently serve the travel demand.


- Traffic management systems: This involves the use of technology to monitor and control traffic flow, such as traffic surveillance cameras and dynamic message signs.
- Advanced traveler information systems: It includes providing real-time travel information to travelers, such as traffic conditions, alternative routes, and public transit schedules.
- Electronic toll collection systems: This focuses on implementing automated toll collection systems to reduce congestion at toll plazas.

Transportation engineering principles and techniques are crucial for ensuring efficient, safe, and sustainable transportation systems. They play a significant role in improving mobility, reducing congestion, and enhancing the overall quality of transportation infrastructure.